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B OIE Collaborating Centre Reports Activities in 2013 Title of Collaborating Centre: Address of Collaborating Centre: Research on Emerging Avian Diseases Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, Georgia 30605 USA Tel.: 001-706-546-3433 Fax: 001-706-546-3161 e-mail address: website: Name of Director of Institute (Responsible Official): [email protected] http://www.arsusda.gov/main/site_main.htm?modecode=6612-07-00 David E. Swayne Name (including Title and Position) of Head of the Collaborating Centre (formally OIE Contact Point): David E. Swayne Centre Director and Supervisory Veterinary Medical Officer Name (including Title and Position) of writer of this report (if different from above) David E. Swayne Centre Director and Supervisory Veterinary Medical Officer Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 1 Research on Emerging Avian Diseases Summary of activities specifically related to the mandate of OIE Collaborating Centres ToR: To provide services to the OIE, in particular within the region, in the designated specialty, in support of the implementation of OIE policies and, where required, seek for collaboration with OIE Reference Laboratories ToR: To identify and maintain existing expertise, in particular within its region 1. Activities as a centre of research, expertise, standardisation and dissemination of techniques within the remit of the mandate given by the OIE Disease control Epidemiology, surveillance, risk assessment, modelling Training, capacity building Zoonoses Wildlife Avian diseases Aquatic animal diseases Animal welfare Diagnosis, biotechnology and laboratory Veterinary medicinal products Vaccines Food safety Feed safety Other (Name the category: Research) Avian Diseases Title of activity Scope Experimental coinfection studies in poultry Simultaneous infections with avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses impacted virus replication depending on the species and the time of the infection, but did not change the clinical outcome of the diseases Vaccine protection against Newcastle disease High levels of heterologous antibodies compared to lower levels of homologous antibodies are sufficient to significantly decrease the amount of Newcastle disease virus shed from vaccinated animals challenged with virulent Newcastle disease virus. Vaccine protection against Newcastle disease A new generation of recombinant vaccines that expressed surface proteins homologous to the virulent field virus have been developed are superior to current commercial vaccines in preventing clinical signs and preventing virus replication. Vaccine protection against Newcastle disease Modification of a highly virulent strain of Newcastle disease virus by introducing a chicken interferon gamma gene in the genome decreased NDV pathogenicity in chickens thus suggesting early expression of IFN-γ had a significant protective role against the effects of highly virulent NDV infection in chickens Generation of a vaccine strain of infectious laryngotracheitis containing a deletion in the virulence factor encoding gene (ORFC) and demonstration of safety and protection profiles of ΔORF C vaccine strain of infectious laryngotracheitis virus Demonstrated vaccine protection of poultry against the 2012 H7N3 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus using a vaccine containing a H7N3 duck isolate from Mexico or a recombinant fowl poxvirus with H7 influenza gene insert. Vaccine against Infectious laryngotracheitis virus Vaccine against H7N9 Avian Influenza 2 Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 Research on Emerging Avian Diseases Avian Influenza Pathogenesis Demonstrated differences in pathogenicity and response to vaccination against H5N1 HPAI in domestic ducks. Avian Influenza Pathogenesis Inoculation of the Chinese H7N9 low pathogenicity avian influenza in poultry indicated high infection rates and shedding in chickens and quail but resistance to infection of pigeons and domestic waterfowl Epidemiology, surveillance, risk assessment, modelling Title of activity Scope Molecular epidemiology of NDV in wild birds Molecular studies of Newcastle disease virus isolated from migratory birds sampled in Alaska, Japan, and Russia has indicated wide genetic diversity thus supporting migratory bird movement as a possible mechanism for intercontinental global distribution of NDV strains. Molecular epidemiology of NDV in zoological birds Molecular epidemiologic studies of Newcastle disease in Mexico identified Newcastle disease vaccine viruses in free-living wild bird species at a zoological park, and two virulent viruses from captive wild birds at the Mexican zoo, suggest that virulent and vaccine Newcastle disease viruses may be escaping from poultry into the environment Molecular epidemiology of NDV New genotypes of NDV were identified in China and the Dominican Republic following complete genome sequences of emerging Newcastle disease virus strains Molecular epidemiology of avian influenza virus A wild bird surveillance study was conducted in the Black Sea region in Ukraine to identify avian influenza viruses. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA and NA genes revealed possible ecological connections between the Black Sea region and Europe. Diagnosis, biotechnology and laboratory Title of activity Scope Genome sequence of Infectious laryngotracheitis virus Determined the nucleotide sequences of the Tissue Culture Origin and Chick Embryo Origin vaccine strains of infectious laryngotracheitis virus Real-time RT-PCR diagnostics for H7N9 avian influenza virus Provided a rapid comparison of RRT-PCR tests for both the H7 and N9 subtype tests for emerging H7N9 virus in China and shared the information with the OFFLU network. ToR: To propose or develop methods and procedures that facilitate harmonisation of international standards and guidelines applicable to the designated specialty 2. Proposal or development of any procedure that will facilitate harmonisation of international regulations applicable to the surveillance and control of animal diseases, food safety or animal welfare ToR: To establish and maintain a network with other OIE Collaborating Centres designated for the same specialty, and should the need arise, with Collaborating Centres in other disciplines ToR: To carry out and/or coordinate scientific and technical studies in collaboration with other centres, laboratories or organisations Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 3 Research on Emerging Avian Diseases 3. Did your Collaborating Centre maintain a network with other OIE Collaborating Centres (CC), Reference Laboratories (RL), or organisations designated for the same specialty, to coordinate scientific and technical studies? Yes Name of OIE CC/RL/other organisation(s) 4. No Region of networking Centre Location Purpose OFFLU network - ARRIAH Vladimir, Russia Africa Americas Asia and Pacific Europe Middle East Collaborative research projects on avian influenza and Newcastle OIE Reference Laboratory for HPAI and LPAI (National Veterinary Services Laboratories, USA) Ames, Iowa Africa Americas Asia and Pacific Europe Middle East Exchange of avian influenza viruses and joint work on H7N9 avian influenza virus molecular diagnostics OIE CC Emerging and ReEmerging Zoonotic Diseases (CDC USA) Atlanta, Georgia Africa Americas Asia and Pacific Europe Middle East Exchange of avian influenza viruses and collaborative studies on pre-pandemic vaccines and H7N9 pathogenesis Institute of Experimental and Clinical Veterinary Medicine Kharkiv, Ukraine Africa Americas Asia and Pacific Europe Middle East Analysis of wild bird samples for avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses from Ukraine OIE Reference Laboratories for HPAI and LPAI, and OIE CC Emerging and ReEmerging Zoonotic Diseases USA, Canada, Germany, Italy Japan, United Kingdom Africa Americas Asia and Pacific Europe Middle East International avian influenza research gap analysis Did your Collaborating Centre maintain a network with other OIE Collaborating Centres, Reference laboratories, or organisations in other disciplines, to coordinate scientific and technical studies? Yes Name of OIE CC/RL/other organisation(s) OIE CC Animal Disease Surveillance Systems, Risk Analysis and Epidemiological Modelling No Location Fort Collins, Colorado Region of networking Centre Africa Americas Asia and Pacific Europe Middle East Purpose Modelling of avian influenza virus in food products ToR: To place expert consultants at the disposal of the OIE. 5. Did your Collaborating Centre place expert consultants at the disposal of the OIE? Yes 4 No Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 Research on Emerging Avian Diseases Name of expert Kind of consultancy Subject David Swayne OFFLU mission Mission to China to assess the epidemiological situation of H7N9 LPAI David Swayne Co-chair of revised chapter Revision of Avian Influenza chapter in OIE Terrestrial Manual to be consistent with OIE Code changes ToR: To provide, within the designated specialty, scientific and technical training to personnel from OIE Member Countries 6. Did your Collaborating Centre provide scientific and technical training, within the remit of the mandate given by the OIE, to personnel from OIE Member Countries? Yes No If the answer is yes, please provide the total number of trained persons for each of the following categories: a) Technical visits: ................................................................ 1 b) Seminars: ......................................................................... c) Hands-on training courses: .............................................. 4 d) Internships (>1 month): ................................................... 8 Type of technical training provided (a, b, c or d) Content Country of origin of the expert(s) provided with training No. participants from the corresponding country China 1 d Generation of a molecular clone of Anatid herpesvirus type 1 and monoclonal antibody generation against infectious laryngotracheitis virus d Newcastle disease diagnostics Nigeria 1 a Research proposal development Pakistan 1 a Antigenic cartography with poultry sera Vietnam 1 c Molecular diagnostics of avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses Kazakhstan 2 c Biosecurity and sequencing of avian influenza. Russia 2 d Epidemiological analysis and molecular cloning of NDV Ukraine 3 d Graduate studies for PhD or MSc in Newcastle disease pathogenesis Mexico, Brazil, Indonesia 3 d H5N1 vaccine efficacy studies China 1 Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 5 Research on Emerging Avian Diseases ToR: To organise and participate in scientific meetings and other activities on behalf of the OIE 7. Did your Collaborating Centre organise or participate in the organisation of scientific meetings on behalf of the OIE? Yes National/ International International No Title of event Co-organiser Vaccination as a Control Tool Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) OIE, FAO Date (mm/yy) Location December 2013 Beijing, China No. Participants 60 ToR: To collect, process, analyse, publish and disseminate data and information relevant to the designated specialty 8. Publication and dissemination of any information within the remit of the mandate given by the OIE that may be useful to Member Countries of the OIE (Indicate in the appropriate box the number by category) a) Articles published in peer-reviewed journals: ................. 45 6 Afonso CL, Miller PJ, Newcastle disease: Progress and gaps in the development of vaccines and diagnostic tools. In: Roth JA, Richt JA, Morozov I (eds): Vaccines and diagnostics for transboundary animal diseases. Dev Biol (Basel). Basel, Karger, 135: 95-106, 2013 Awe O, Ali A, Elaish M, Ibrahim M, Murgia M, Pantin-Jackwood M, Saif YM, Lee C-W. Effect of Coronavirus Infection on Reproductive Performance of Turkey Hens. Avian Diseases 57:650656. 2013. Bertran-Dols K, Sá e Silva M, Pantin-Jackwood MJ, Swayne DE. Protection against H7N3 high pathogenicity avian influenza in chickens immunized with a recombinant fowlpox and an inactivated avian influenza vaccines. Vaccine 33:3572– 3576, 2013. Brown J, Poulson R, Carter D, Lebarbenchon C, Pantin-Jackwood M, Spackman E, Shepherd E, Killian M, Stallknecht D. Susceptibility of avian species to North American H13 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Avian Dis.;56: 969-75. 2012. Cardenas Garcia S, Navarro LR, Morales R, Olvera MA, Marquez MA, Merino R, Miller PJ, Afonso CL. Molecular epidemiology of Newcastle disease in Mexico: Potential spillover of viruses from poultry into wild bird species. Applied Environmental Microbiology. Jun 14 [Epub] 2013. 79(16):4985-4992. 2013 Cha RM, Smith D, Shepherd E, Davis CT, Donis R, Nguyen T, Nguyen HD, Do HT, Inui K, Suarez DL, Swayne DE, Pantin-Jackwood M. Suboptimal protection against highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) viruses from Vietnam in ducks vaccinated with commercial poultry vaccines. Vaccine (13) 01137-7. 2013. Cha RM, Yu Q, Zsak L. The pathogenicity of avian metapneumovirus subtype C wild bird isolates in domestic turkeys. Virology Journal, 10:38, 2013. Chmielewski RA, Beck JR, Swayne DE. Evaluation of the US Department of Agricuture’s egg pasteurization processes on the inactivation of high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus and velogenic Newcastle disease virus in processed egg products. Journal of Food Protection 76(4):640-5, 2013. Chmielewski RA, Beck JR, Juneja VK, Swayne DE. Thermal inactivation of low pathogenicity avian influenza virus and lentogenic Newcastle disease virus in processed egg products. LWTFood Science and Technology 52(1):27-30, 2013. Cornax I, Diel DG, Rue CA, Estevez C, Yu Q, Miller PJ, Afonso CL. Newcastle disease virus fusion and haemagglutinin-neuraminidase proteins contribute to its macrophage host range. J General Virology. Feb 20: 2013 Epub. June: 94(Pt6): 1189-1194. 2013 Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 Research on Emerging Avian Diseases Costa-Hurtado M, Miller PJ, Afonso CL, Spackman E, Kapczynski DR, Sheperd EM, Smith D, Zsak A, Swayne DE, Pantin-Jackwood M. Virus interference in experimental co-infections with low pathogenic avian influenza virus and lentogenic Newcastle disease virus in chickens and turkeys. Veterinary Microbiology, Jan 45:1 -11. 2014 Day JM, Zsak L. Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of a novel turkey-origin picobirnavirus. Avian Diseases. epub ahead of print, doi: 10.1637/10593-061313. 2013. Day JM, Zsak L. 2013. Recent progress in the characterization of avian enteric viruses. Avian Diseases, 57(3):573-580. Faulkner OB, Estevez C, Yu Q, Suarez DL. 2013. Passive antibody transfer in chickens to model maternal antibody after avian influenza vaccination. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 152(3-4):341-347. Fouchier RA, García-Sastre A, Kawaoka Y, Barclay WS, Bouvier NM, Brown IH, Capua I, Chen H, Compans RW, Couch RB, Cox NJ, Doherty PC, Donis RO, Feldmann H, Guan Y, Katz J, Klenk HD, Kobinger G, Liu J, Liu X, Lowen A, Mettenleiter TC, Osterhaus AD, Palese P, Peiris JS, Perez DR, Richt JA, Schultz-Cherry S, Steel J, Subbarao K, Swayne DE, Takimoto T, Tashiro M, Taubenberger JK, Thomas PG, Tripp RA, Tumpey TM, Webby RJ, Webster RG. Transmission studies resume for avian flu. Science 339(6119):520-1, 2013. García M, Volkening J, Riblet S, Spatz S. Genomic sequence analysis of the United States infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine strains chicken embryo origin (CEO) and tissue culture origin (TCO). Virology. 440:64-74. 2013. Gilbert M, Jambal L, Karesh WB, Fine A, Shiilegdamba E, Dulam P, Sodnomdarjaa R, Ganzorig K, Batchuluun D, Tseveenmyadag N, Bolortuya P, Cardona C J, Leung CY, Peiris J S, Spackman E, Swayne DE, Joly, DO. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus among wild birds in Mongolia. PLoS One 7:e44097, 2012. Jiang H, Yu K, Kapczynski DR. Transcription factor regulation and cytokine expression following in vitro infection of primary chicken cell culture with low pathogenic avian influenza virus. Virol J. 2013 Nov 19;10(1):342. doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-342. Kapczynski DR, Afonso CL, Miller PJ. Immune responses of poultry to Newcastle disease virus.Dev Comp Immunol. 2013 Nov;41(3):447-53. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.012. Epub 2013 Apr 25. Kapczynski DR, Pantin-Jackwood M, Guzman SG, Ricardez Y, Spackman E, Bertran K, Suarez DL, Swayne DE.Characterization of the 2012 highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N3 virus isolated from poultry in an outbreak in Mexico: pathobiology and vaccine protection.J Virol. 2013 Aug;87(16):9086-96. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00666-13. Epub 2013 Jun 12. Kapczynski DR, Afonso CL, Miller PJ. Immune responses of poultry to Newcastle disease virus. Developmental Comparative Immunology. April 25: pii S0145-305X(13)00116-X. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.04.0112 [Epub] 2013. Nov 41(3): 447-453. 2013 Miller PJ, Afonso CL, El Attrache J, Dorsey KM, Courntey SC, Guo Z, Kapczynski DR. Effects of Newcastle disease virus vaccine antibodies on the shedding and transmission of challenge viruses. Developmental Comparative Immunology. Jun 21 [Epub] 2013. Dec 41(4): 505-513. 2013 Muzyka D, Pantin-Jackwood M, Spackman E, Stegniy B, Shutchenko P. Avian Influenza Virus Wild Bird Surveillance in the Azov and Black Sea Regions of Ukraine (2010–2011). Avian Diseases 56:1010–1016, 2012. Nemeth NM, Brown JD, Stallknecht DE, Howerth EW, Newman SW, Swayne DE. Experimental infection of Bar-headed Geese (Anser indicus) and Ruddy Shelducks (Tadorna ferruginea) with a clade 2.3.2 H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Veterinary Pathology 50(6):961-970, 2013. Pantin-Jackwood M, Swayne DE, Smith D, Shepherd E. Effect of species, breed and route of virus inoculation on the pathogenicity of H5N1 highly pathogenic influenza (HPAI) viruses in domestic ducks. Veterinary Research. 44(1):62. doi: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-62. 2013. Pantin-Jackwood M, Suarez DL. Vaccination of domestic ducks against H5N1 HPAI: A review. Virus Research. (13) 00234-7. 2013. Pchelkina IP, Manin TB, Kolosov SN, Starov SK, Andriyasov AV, Chvala IA, Drygin VV, Yu Q , Miller PJ, Suarez DL. Characteristics of Pigeon Paramyxovirus Serotype-1 Isolates (PPMV-1) from the Russian Federation from 2001 to 2009. Avian Diseases, 57(1):2-7, 2013. Ramey AM, Reeves AB, Ogawa H, Ip HS, Imai K, Bui VN, Yamaguchi E, Silko NY, Afonso. Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 7 Research on Emerging Avian Diseases b) Genetic diversity and mutation of avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (Newcastle disease virus) in wild birds and evidence for intercontinental spread. Archives of Virology. Dec 158(1): 2495-2503. Sá e Silva M, Ellis A, Karaca K, Minke J, Nordgren R, Wu S, Swayne DE. Domestic goose model for West Nile virus vaccine efficiency testing. Vaccine 31(7):1045–1050, 2013. Sá e Silva M, Rissi DR, Pantin-Jackwood M, Swayne DE. High pathogenicity avian influenza virus in the reproductive tract of chickens. Veterinary Pathology 50(6):957–961, 2013. Spackman E, Pedersen JC, McKinley ET, Gelb J. Optimal specimen collection and transport methods for the detection of avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus. BMC Vet Res 9:35, 2013. Spackman E, Swayne DE Vaccination of gallinaceous poultry for H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza: Current questions and new technology. Virus Research 178:121–132, 2013. Spatz SJ, Volkening JD, Mullis R, Li F, Mercado J, Zsak L. Expression of chicken parvovirus VP2 in chicken embryo fibroblasts requires codon optimization for production of naked DNA and vectored meleagrid herpesvirus type 1 vaccines. Virus Genes 47: 259-67. 2013. Suarez D. DIVA vaccination strategies for avian influenza virus. Avian Diseases 56(4 Suppl): 836-22, 2012. Susta L, Cornax I, Diel DG, Cardenas SG, Miller PJ, Liu X, Hu S, Brown CC, Afonso CL. Expression of interferon gamma by a highly virulent Newcastle disease virus decreases its pathogenicity in chickens. Microbial Pathogenesis. May 25. pii:S0992-4010(13)00086-7.doi: 10.1016/j/micpath.2013.05.009 [Epub ahead of print] 2013. 61-62: 73-83. 2013 Swayne DE 2012. Impact of vaccines and vaccination on global control of avian influenza. Avian Diseases. 56(4): 818-828. Swayne DE, Spackman E. 2013. Current status and future needs in diagnostics and vaccines for high pathogenicity avian influenza. Developments in Biologicals. 135:79-94. Swayne DE, Spackman E, Pantin-Jackwood M. 2013. Success factors for high pathogenicity avian influenza vaccine use in poultry and the impact at the wild bird-agricultural interface. Ecohealth, Published on line 12 September 2013, DOI: 10.1007/s10393-013-0861-3. Volkening JD, Spatz SJ. Identification and characterization of the genomic termini and cleavage/packaging signals of gallid herpesvirus type 2. Avian Dis. 57: 401-8.2013. Wu Y, Yan S, Lv Z, Chen L, Geng J, He J, Yu Q, Yin J, Ren G, Li D. Recombinant Newcastle Disease virus Anhinga Strain (NDV/Anh-EGFP) for Hepatoma Therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2013 Jun 24. Yu Q, Roth JP, Hu H, Estevez CN, Zhao W, Zsak L. Protection by Recombinant Newcastle Disease Viruses (NDV) Expressing the Glycoprotein (G) of Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) Subtype A or B against Challenge with Virulent NDV and aMPV. World Journal of Vaccines, 3:130-139, 2013. Zhao W, Hu H, Zsak Z, Yu Q, Yang Z. HN gene C-terminal extension of Newcastle disease virus is not the determinant of the enteric tropism. Virus Genes, 47:27-33, 2013. Zhao W, Hu H, Zsak L, Yu Q, Yang Z. Application of the ligation-independent cloning (LIC) method for rapid construction of a minigenome rescue system for Newcastle disease virus VG/GA strain. Plasmid, 70:314–320, 2013. Zhao W, Zhang Z, Zsak L, Yu Q. Effects of the HN gene C-terminal extensions on the Newcastle disease virus virulence. Virus Genes, 47(3):498-504, 2013. Zsak L, Cha RM, Day JM. Chicken parvovirus-induced runting-stunting syndrome in young broilers. Avian Dis. 57(1):123-7. 2013. International conference presentations: ......................... 21 Cardenas-Garcia, S. Effect of genotype specific live recombinant Newcastle disease vaccines on virus shedding after challenge. Latin Poultry Congress, El Salvador, November 2013. Cardenas-Garcia, S. Development of a genotype specific live Newcastle disease vaccine by replacing the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuramindase (HN) genes into a LaSota vaccine backbone. International Poultry Forum, January 2013 Day, J.M. Diagnostics and intervention strategies for the control and prevention of viral enteric diseases in poultry. National Veterinary Institute (Poland) Enteric Diseases in Poultry Meeting. Pulawy, Poland. September, 2013. Day, J.M. Characterization of viral enteric infections in chickens and turkeys: focus on new 8 Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 Research on Emerging Avian Diseases molecular techniques. National Veterinary Institute (Poland) Enteric Diseases in Poultry Meeting. Pulawy, Poland. September, 2013. Hamal K. Recombinant Newcastle disease vaccines: risk for reversion to virulence and spread in non-target species. International Poultry Forum, Georgia World Congress Center, Atlanta, GA. January, 2013. Kapczynski, D. Protection of poultry against the 2012 Mexican H7N3 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus with inactivated H7 avian influenza vaccines. For presentation at the 25th Avi-Mex Annual Meeting, June 26-28th, 2013, in Mexico City, Mexico. Kapczynski, D. Avian Influenza: The Disease, Diagnosis and Control. For presentation at the Merck Poultry Health Workshop for Tyson Foods International, July 14-17th, 2013, in Athens, Georgia. Muzyka, D. Pantin-Jackwood, M. Stegniy, Borys, Afonso, C.L., and Gerilovych A. Avian Paramyxovirus serotypes circulating in wild bird populations of the Azov-Black Sea region of Ukraine in 2006-2011 [abstract]. XVIII Congress of the World Veterinary Poultry Association August 19-23 2013 Nantes, France. p. 482. Muzyka, D. Pantin-Jackwood, M. Stegniy, B., Rula O., Stegniy A. Gerilovych A. Monitoring of avian influenza viruses subtypes H5 and H7 in wild birds in the Azov-Black Sea [abstract]. Abstracts for the Options for the Control of Influenza VIII Meeting, Cape Town, South Africa, September 4-10, 2013. p.8. Pantin-Jackwood M, Miller PJ, Spackman E, Swayne DE, Torchetti MK, Susta L, Suarez DL. Pathogenesis and transmission of H7N9 influenza virus in poultry. Options for Control of Influenza VIII Meeting, Cape Town, South Africa, September 4-10, 2013. Pchelkina, I.P., Kolosov, S.B., Chvala, I.A., Andriyasov, A.V., Andreychuk, D.B., Drygin, V.V., Starov, S.K., Miller, P.J. 2013. Complete nucleotide sequences of three pigeon paramyxovirus serotype-1 (PPMV-1) isolates [abstract]. XVIIIth Congress of the World Veterinary Poultry Association Conference. August 2013 Spatz, S. comparative full genome sequence analysis of columbid herpesvirus-1 and falconid herpesvirus-1. 38th annual international herpesvirus workshop. July 20- 24th. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA. Spatz, S. Understanding the role of ORF-C in the pathogenicity of infectious laryngotracheitis virus. 38th annual international herpesvirus workshop. July 20- 24th. Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA. Suarez, D.L. 2013. Characterization of the 2012 highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N3 virus isolated from poultry in Mexico: pathobiology and vaccine protection. Options for Influenza Control VIII, Capetown, South Africa, Sept 9, 2013. Swayne, D.E., Miller, P.J. 2013. Vaccination prevents virus contamination inside of eggs laid by newcastle disease virus infected chickens [abstract]. Book of Abstracts for 18th Congress for World Veterinary Poultry Association, Nantes, France, August 19-23, 2013. Swayne, D.E. Filling Gaps for Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza: Current Data and Future Directions?: Animal/Human Interface Priorities for Better Information, International Influenza Networks Meeting, Scottsdale, Arizona, 14-16 January 2013 Swayne, D.E. Global Avian Influenza Situation and Assessment of Effective Control Methods, Australasian Veterinary Poultry Association and Australian Poultry Science Symposium, Sydney, Australia, 17-21 February 2013. wayne, D.E. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Control, including Vaccines and Vaccination Mexico, BACHOCO Technical Meeting, Ixtapa, Mexico, 30 May 2013 Swayne, D.E. Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza in Asia,” Asian Poultry Health Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand, 17-18 June, 2013 Swayne, D.E. Studies on H7N9 Virus Infectivity and Transmission in Poultry, and Field Assessment of Epidemiology and Control, Forum on Microbial Threats, Institute of Medicine, National Academies of Science, Washington DC, 25 June 2013 Swayne, D.E. Can We Improve Vaccines and There Use for Preventing and Controlling Avian Influenza?, World Veterinary Poultry Association, Nantes, France, 19-23 August 2013 Swayne, D.E. Understanding the 2013 H7N9 avian influenza outbreak in poultry: field epidemiology and experimental pathogenesis studies, Influenza2013: One Influenza, One World, One Health;, St Hilda's College, Oxford, United Kingdom, 17-19 September 2013 Swayne, D.E. Selection and updating avian influenza vaccine seed strains to maintain Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013 9 Research on Emerging Avian Diseases vaccine efficacy in the face of field virus drift, Technical meeting on Vaccination as a Control Tool Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI): Building on Knowledge and Experience for Future Interventions, OFFLU (World Organization for Animal Health, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), Beijing, China, 4-6 December 2013 c) National conference presentations: ................................ d) Other: ............................................................................... (Provide website address or link to appropriate information) _______________ 10 Annual reports of OIE Reference Centres, 2013