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Don’t Kiss a Chicken in Cairo Or Human and Avian Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin 5 Protein Phylogeny By Kam Dahlquist, Christine Tuaillon, Linda Weinland and Brian White = Human; Asia Avian flu has become one of the emerging diseases of interest to humans around the world. We chose to investigate the amino acid sequences in the H5 (hemagglutinin) protein, which facilitates attachment of the virus to receptive cells in birds, humans and other host animals. After generating a tree using the NCBI Influenza website, we transferred the sequence data to MESQUITE and generated a tree in which the avian and human sequences are compared. In addition, our tree incorporates data from different regions of the world. Global transmission of the virus and its ability to rapidly mutate have stimulated a great deal of debate among scientists. When and where could human-to-human transmission occur??? = Avian; Asia QuickTime™ and a TIFF (U ncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. = Human; Middle East = Avian; Middle East = Avian; Europe QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Special thanks to Katja Schultz, Sam Donovan, Tony Weisstein, Margaret Waterman and Ethel Stanley According to Yamada et al. (2006) these amino acid positions have variants that enable the avian virus to bind to human receptors. None of these positions had variants in the sequences we examined. However, the three positions next to Gly 139 and Asn 182 DO have sequence variations in the human sequences that are not found in avian sequences (highlighted in yellow).