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Heredity Study Guide ANSWER KEY Define the following terms. ◦ Autosomes: Chromosomes 1-22 that hold genetic information for self ◦ Sex chromosomes: chromosomes X & Y that code for sex of individual ◦ Sex-linked trait: genes that are only in the X or Y chromosomes ◦ Sex influenced trait: traits that are influenced by hormones in the body ◦ Pedigree: diagram that shows how a trait is inherited over generations ◦ Karyotype: a picture of chromosomes that can show the sex and chromosomal disorders of an individual ◦ Mutation: a change in a sequence of a gene, can be beneficial or harmful ◦ Nondisjunction: type of disorder when a chromosome fails to split during meiosis and sex cells a different in number What are some examples of linked genes? ◦ Some examples of linked genes would be hair and eye color, hair color and freckles, and pea color and pod shape. What can you learn from a chromosome map? ◦ A chromosomal map can determine where a gene is including which chromosomes a disorder is found on. What is a karyotype used for? How many chromosomes are in a normal karyotype? ◦ A karyotype is used to determine the sex of an individual and whether or not there is a chromosomal disorder. There are 46 chromosomes in a normal karyotype. Be able to read and analyze a pedigree. ◦ What symbol represents female? circles ◦ What symbol represents male? squares ◦ What does it mean if a symbol is colored in? the person will exhibit that trait and express it ◦ What do horizontal lines between symbols represent? A marriage or if there were offspring between the couple ◦ How many children do parents 5 & 6 have? 3 children, 2 girls and 1 boy Sex: male Chromosomal disorder? no If yes, which chromosome? Sex: female Chromosomal disorder? no If yes, which chromosome? Sex: female Chromosomal disorder? yes If yes, which chromosome? 1 X (Turner’s syndrome) Sex: female Chromosomal disorder? yes If yes, which chromosome? 3 #21 (Down’s syndrome) Sex: female Chromosomal disorder? yes If yes, which chromosome? 3 #13 (Patau syndrome) Sex: female Chromosomal disorder? yes If yes, which chromosome? 3 #18 (Edward’s syndrome) Explain why males determine the sex of their offspring in humans. ◦ Males can create sperm cells that can offer either an X or Y chromosome. ◦ Females can only offer an X chromosome. ◦ Depending on whether an X or Y sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell will determine if the child is a boy or girl. ◦ If XX then it will be a girl. If XY then it will be a boy. X X X XX XX Y XY XY Use the karyotype above to answer the following question. The individual above is a suspect in a crime and new evidence shows that from DNA analysis the killer is a carrier for an X-linked disorder known as Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Could this individual possibly be a carrier for Duchenne muscular dystrophy? Name the genetic disorder that is individual has that could allow a male to be a carrier for an X-linked trait and whether they would be considered innocent of the crime. ◦ Yes, it is possible for this person to be a carrier for Duchenne muscular dystrophy because they have 2 X chromosomes and therefore can be a carrier if one is affected. This person has Klinefelter’s syndrome, which is XXY syndrome. They are males but have an extra X chromosome. In humans, colorblindness is a recessive, sex-linked trait. What is the probability that the children of a woman heterozygous for colorblindness and a man with normal color vision will be colorblind? Explain your answer. ◦ The probability that the child of a woman that is heterozygous for colorblindness and a man with normal vision is 25%. This child will be a male. There is a 25% chance they will have a female that is a carrier. X XC X XX XXC Y XY XCY