Download World History Review #1 File

PALEOLITHIC AGE
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Old Rock Stone Age
Hunter-Gatherer
Nomadic lifestyle
Small populations
Small groups
Pre-Ice Age
Neolithic Era
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New Stone Age/After the Ice Age
People built permanent homes
People harnessed agriculture
Increased food supply
Population grew
People became less nomadic
FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF
CIVILIZATION
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Advanced cities
Specialized workers
Complex institutions
Record keeping
Advanced technology
River Valley Civilizations
MESOPOTAMIA
3500 B.C. – 1700 B.C.
MESOPTAMIA
• Located between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
• Is Iraq, Iran and Syria today.
• Known as the Fertile Crescent
MESOPTAMIA Agriculture
• Even though it is hot and dry, people learned
how to irrigate crops by diverting water from
the two rivers.
• This allows the
settlement of
people into the
area.
MESOPTAMIA Government
• City-States:
– Uruk
– Ur
– Babylon
• Later unified
one ruler.
under
MESOPTAMIAN Religion
• They were Polytheistic (worshipped many
gods.
• Prayed in temples called ziggurats.
• Many rulers were priests which
created Theocracies
(societies led by
n
religious leaders)
Sumerians
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Wheel
Sailboat
Bronze
Calendar
Cuneiform
MESOPTAMIAN Legal System
• Code of Hammurabi.
• Treated nobles and commoners differently.
• Some of Code’s provisions punished criminals very harshly. Ex. Eye
for an Eye, Tooth for a tooth, etc…
• Slander Ex. Law #127: "If any one "point the finger" at a sister of a
god or the wife of any one, and can not prove it, this man shall be
taken before the judges and his brow shall be marked. (by cutting
the skin, or perhaps hair.)"
• ]Trade Ex. Law #265: "If a herdsman, to whose care cattle or sheep
have been entrusted, be guilty of fraud and make false returns of
the natural increase, or sell them for money, then shall he be
convicted and pay the owner ten times the loss."
• Slavery Ex. Law #15: "If any one take a male or female slave of the
court, or a male or female slave of a freed man, outside the city
gates, he shall be put to death."
River Valley Civilizations
EGYPT
3200 B.C. – 500 B.C.
EGYPT
• Located in Northeast Africa
• The Nile River is longest
in the World. Allowed for
life to occur in the desert.
• Desert provided natural
protection from enemy
attack
EGYPT Government
1. The most powerful person in ancient Egypt
was the pharaoh (king).
2. Next in line were the priests and nobles.
3. Warriors, scribes, merchants and craftsmen.
4. Peasants and slaves were at the bottom.
EGYPT Religion
• Polytheistic (worship many gods)
• Believed in afterlife.
• Buried embalmed bodies in pyramids.
EGYPT Accomplishments
• Medicine; developed a knowledge of human
anatomy through embalming. They learned
surgery and how to set broken limbs.
• Hieroglyphics; developed early form of writing.
Still seen on pyramids, temples and palaces.
• Building and Art; erected statues and decorated
buildings.
• Geometry and Astronomy; developed to build
pyramids and create calendar.
You write
EGYPT & MESOPOTAMIA
Identify in which way Egyptian and
Mesopotamian societies were similar.
Identify one way in which Egyptian and
Mesopotamian societies were different.
INDIA
• Formed along the Indus River Valley
• Allowed for agriculture
• Agriculture and river allowed settlement and
trade.
• Religion was
and still is Polytheistic
Hinduism
CHINA
• Formed along the Huang He River
• Also allowed for trade, agriculture and
settlement.
• Ruled by Shang Dynasty
• Silk textiles, bronze weaponry and pictorial
writing.
Ancient Hebrews
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Lived in present-day Israel
Monotheism/Practiced Judaism
Wrote first books of Bible called Old Testament
Their founder was Abraham
Their leader Moses presented them with the
TEN COMMANDMENTS
which were their laws.
Persians
• Lived in what is now Iran
• Leaders were Cyrus, Darius and Xerxes.
• Religion was Zoroastrianism which taught of
two gods. One god of good and one god of
evil.
• First people to use coins for money
• They built roads all over their empire
• Hammurabi Code was their law
Greece
• Mediterranean Sea
• Aegean Sea
• Rough mountain
terrain made
populations isolated
• City-States (Polis)
were created
• Sparta: Militaristic
• Athens: Arts & Literature
• Became unified against Persians in war.
• Athens:
Greece
– Stressed Arts & Literature
– Created Citizen Assembly to allow all citizens a voice
in government
– Introduced idea of Democracy
• Sparta:
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Stressed military training
Obedience to the law
Conformity was rewarded, individuality was punished
Unhealthy infants were allowed to die
• Both became unified against Persians in war.
Greeks
• Polytheistic (many gods)
• Main god was Zeus
• Created geometry and
architecture to erect temples
and other public buildings
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Golden Age of Greeks
5th Century B.C.
Pericles championed democracy.
Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were philosophers.
Eratosthenes was a geographer who said Earth is
round and calculated its circumference.
• Archimedes was a mathematician who made
great contributions to geometry.
• Herodotus and Thucydides recorded the history.
• Sophocles was a playwright.
Romans
• Rome
Roman Empire
ROME Geography
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Alps
Apennine Mountains
Adriatic Sea
Tyrrhenian Sea
Mediterranean Sea
– All five provided
natural barriers against
enemy attacks
– This allowed Rome to
thrive and grow into
an Empire
ROME Society & Government
• Two main social classes
– Patricians: Wealthy landowners
– Plebeians: small farmers, craftsmen and
merchants
ROME Society & Government
• Romans overthrew their king and created a
Republic
– The Republic was ruled by a Patrician Assembly
called the Senate
– The elected officials in the Senate were called
Consuls.
– The Consuls chose the Caesar to rule the Republic.
– The Plebeians elected people called Tribunes to
speak for them in the Senate.
ROMAN Law
• The Romans created the TWELVE TABLES
– These were laws to protect the Plebeians
– These laws were similar to the Code of
Hammurabi and the Ten Commandments
– They also allowed for the creation of a contract
and the enforcement of one.
ROMAN EMPIRE
• Julius Caesar led the Romans to victory in North
Africa against Carthage.
– The victory gave Rome command of the Seas
– Julius set out to conquer Spain and Gaul(France)
– He was murdered in the Senate by his friends who
feared he had too much power.
• He was replaced by Augustus Caesar
– He became a dictator and conquered the known
world.
– He gave us the modern calendar
– He also gave Rome the Pax Romana
PAX ROMANA (ROMAN PEACE)
27 B.C. - 395 A. D.
• The Romans had a period of growth and peace
that lasted over 400 years.
– They built 50,000 miles of roads
– They expanded their Empire all over the world
– They built huge public venues like the Coliseum
– Initially Christianity was illegal and Christians were
fed to lions in the Coliseum.
Christianity
• Began about 2,000 years ago
• Based on the teachings of Jesus the Christ
• Romans crucified Him for claiming he was the
Messiah (Savior)
• Christianity was outlawed in Roman Empire,
punishable by death.
• His followers called Apostles told his story and
spread the religion.
Christianity Continued
• Christianity is a Monotheistic religion
• It evolved from Judaism which is also
Monotheistic
• Islam came later and it is also Monotheistic.