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PALEOLITHIC AGE • • • • • • Old Rock Stone Age Hunter-Gatherer Nomadic lifestyle Small populations Small groups Pre-Ice Age Neolithic Era • • • • • • New Stone Age/After the Ice Age People built permanent homes People harnessed agriculture Increased food supply Population grew People became less nomadic FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF CIVILIZATION 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Advanced cities Specialized workers Complex institutions Record keeping Advanced technology River Valley Civilizations MESOPOTAMIA 3500 B.C. – 1700 B.C. MESOPTAMIA • Located between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. • Is Iraq, Iran and Syria today. • Known as the Fertile Crescent MESOPTAMIA Agriculture • Even though it is hot and dry, people learned how to irrigate crops by diverting water from the two rivers. • This allows the settlement of people into the area. MESOPTAMIA Government • City-States: – Uruk – Ur – Babylon • Later unified one ruler. under MESOPTAMIAN Religion • They were Polytheistic (worshipped many gods. • Prayed in temples called ziggurats. • Many rulers were priests which created Theocracies (societies led by n religious leaders) Sumerians • • • • • Wheel Sailboat Bronze Calendar Cuneiform MESOPTAMIAN Legal System • Code of Hammurabi. • Treated nobles and commoners differently. • Some of Code’s provisions punished criminals very harshly. Ex. Eye for an Eye, Tooth for a tooth, etc… • Slander Ex. Law #127: "If any one "point the finger" at a sister of a god or the wife of any one, and can not prove it, this man shall be taken before the judges and his brow shall be marked. (by cutting the skin, or perhaps hair.)" • ]Trade Ex. Law #265: "If a herdsman, to whose care cattle or sheep have been entrusted, be guilty of fraud and make false returns of the natural increase, or sell them for money, then shall he be convicted and pay the owner ten times the loss." • Slavery Ex. Law #15: "If any one take a male or female slave of the court, or a male or female slave of a freed man, outside the city gates, he shall be put to death." River Valley Civilizations EGYPT 3200 B.C. – 500 B.C. EGYPT • Located in Northeast Africa • The Nile River is longest in the World. Allowed for life to occur in the desert. • Desert provided natural protection from enemy attack EGYPT Government 1. The most powerful person in ancient Egypt was the pharaoh (king). 2. Next in line were the priests and nobles. 3. Warriors, scribes, merchants and craftsmen. 4. Peasants and slaves were at the bottom. EGYPT Religion • Polytheistic (worship many gods) • Believed in afterlife. • Buried embalmed bodies in pyramids. EGYPT Accomplishments • Medicine; developed a knowledge of human anatomy through embalming. They learned surgery and how to set broken limbs. • Hieroglyphics; developed early form of writing. Still seen on pyramids, temples and palaces. • Building and Art; erected statues and decorated buildings. • Geometry and Astronomy; developed to build pyramids and create calendar. You write EGYPT & MESOPOTAMIA Identify in which way Egyptian and Mesopotamian societies were similar. Identify one way in which Egyptian and Mesopotamian societies were different. INDIA • Formed along the Indus River Valley • Allowed for agriculture • Agriculture and river allowed settlement and trade. • Religion was and still is Polytheistic Hinduism CHINA • Formed along the Huang He River • Also allowed for trade, agriculture and settlement. • Ruled by Shang Dynasty • Silk textiles, bronze weaponry and pictorial writing. Ancient Hebrews • • • • • Lived in present-day Israel Monotheism/Practiced Judaism Wrote first books of Bible called Old Testament Their founder was Abraham Their leader Moses presented them with the TEN COMMANDMENTS which were their laws. Persians • Lived in what is now Iran • Leaders were Cyrus, Darius and Xerxes. • Religion was Zoroastrianism which taught of two gods. One god of good and one god of evil. • First people to use coins for money • They built roads all over their empire • Hammurabi Code was their law Greece • Mediterranean Sea • Aegean Sea • Rough mountain terrain made populations isolated • City-States (Polis) were created • Sparta: Militaristic • Athens: Arts & Literature • Became unified against Persians in war. • Athens: Greece – Stressed Arts & Literature – Created Citizen Assembly to allow all citizens a voice in government – Introduced idea of Democracy • Sparta: – – – – Stressed military training Obedience to the law Conformity was rewarded, individuality was punished Unhealthy infants were allowed to die • Both became unified against Persians in war. Greeks • Polytheistic (many gods) • Main god was Zeus • Created geometry and architecture to erect temples and other public buildings • • • • Golden Age of Greeks 5th Century B.C. Pericles championed democracy. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were philosophers. Eratosthenes was a geographer who said Earth is round and calculated its circumference. • Archimedes was a mathematician who made great contributions to geometry. • Herodotus and Thucydides recorded the history. • Sophocles was a playwright. Romans • Rome Roman Empire ROME Geography • • • • • Alps Apennine Mountains Adriatic Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Mediterranean Sea – All five provided natural barriers against enemy attacks – This allowed Rome to thrive and grow into an Empire ROME Society & Government • Two main social classes – Patricians: Wealthy landowners – Plebeians: small farmers, craftsmen and merchants ROME Society & Government • Romans overthrew their king and created a Republic – The Republic was ruled by a Patrician Assembly called the Senate – The elected officials in the Senate were called Consuls. – The Consuls chose the Caesar to rule the Republic. – The Plebeians elected people called Tribunes to speak for them in the Senate. ROMAN Law • The Romans created the TWELVE TABLES – These were laws to protect the Plebeians – These laws were similar to the Code of Hammurabi and the Ten Commandments – They also allowed for the creation of a contract and the enforcement of one. ROMAN EMPIRE • Julius Caesar led the Romans to victory in North Africa against Carthage. – The victory gave Rome command of the Seas – Julius set out to conquer Spain and Gaul(France) – He was murdered in the Senate by his friends who feared he had too much power. • He was replaced by Augustus Caesar – He became a dictator and conquered the known world. – He gave us the modern calendar – He also gave Rome the Pax Romana PAX ROMANA (ROMAN PEACE) 27 B.C. - 395 A. D. • The Romans had a period of growth and peace that lasted over 400 years. – They built 50,000 miles of roads – They expanded their Empire all over the world – They built huge public venues like the Coliseum – Initially Christianity was illegal and Christians were fed to lions in the Coliseum. Christianity • Began about 2,000 years ago • Based on the teachings of Jesus the Christ • Romans crucified Him for claiming he was the Messiah (Savior) • Christianity was outlawed in Roman Empire, punishable by death. • His followers called Apostles told his story and spread the religion. Christianity Continued • Christianity is a Monotheistic religion • It evolved from Judaism which is also Monotheistic • Islam came later and it is also Monotheistic.