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Anatomy and Physiology Basics CARDI (CARDI/O) = In earlier sessions you learned that the word element “cardi” always refers to the heart. HEART Which word elements add up to mean, “pertaining to the heart”? (a) –ar, coron/o, arteri/o (b) -ac, cardi/o (c) -ic, cardi/o, vascul/o Which word elements add up to mean, “pertaining to the blood vessels of the heart”? (a) –ar, coron/o, arteri/o (b) -ar, cardi/o, vascul/o (c) -ic, cardi/o, vascul/o Which word elements add up to mean, “one who studies/specializes in the heart and its disorders”? (a) –ar, coron/o, -logist (b) -logist, coron/o (c) -logist, cardi/o Which word elements add up to mean, “pertaining to the heart muscle”? (a) –al, cardi/o, my/o (b) -ar, cardi/o, my/o (c) -al, coron/o, myos Which word elements add up to mean, “inflammation within the heart”? (a) –osis, cardi/o, inter (b) -itis, endo-, cardi/o (c) -itis, intra, cardi/o Which word elements add up to mean, “disease of the heart muscle”? (a) –osis, cardi/o, my/o (b) -ary, coron/o, arteri/o (c) -pathy, cardi/o, my/o Which word elements add up to mean, “a condition of rapid heart action”? (a) –osis, cardi/o, tachy(b) Tachy-, cardi/o, -ia (c) -coron/o, tachy- http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/an atomyvideos/000012.htm The heart is a muscle made up of specialized cells and tissues. It functions like two: PUMPS working at the same time to move blood to the entire body. On the inside are four chambers (small compartments): the two chambers on the top are called atria, and the two chambers on the bottom are called ventricles. Atria are receiving chambers; that is, they receive blood from other parts of the body. The ventricles, in turn, receive blood from the atria and then pump the blood out of the heart through the blood vessels. The heart also has four valves (similar to doors) that open and close to allow blood to flow properly through the heart’s chambers. Connected to the heart are a number of blood vessels (smooth tubes) which carry blood to and from the heart. Blood vessels comprise the vascular system that is associated with the heart. That is why it is referred to as the Cardiovascular system. (1) What comprises the cardiovascular system? a. Heart and lungs b. Heart and blood vessels c. Heart and brain (2) What are the receiving chambers of the heart called? a. Ventricles b. Blood vessels c. Atria (2) What are the pumping chambers of the heart called? a) Ventricles b) Blood vessels c) Atria (2) What keeps blood flowing in the correct direction within the heart? a) Ventricles b) Blood vessels c) Valves (2) What does “vascular” refer to? a) Ventricles b) Blood vessels c) Atria The heart’s primary job is to get Oxygen-rich blood to the brain and all other vital organs and tissues in order for the whole body to survive and thrive. The heart pumps two kinds of blood: Oxygen-rich blood (oxygenated) -and- Oxygen-poor blood (deoxygenated) Oxygen-rich blood is pumped to the brain and body’s organs and tissues. This is called: systemic circulation Oxygen-poor blood is pumped to the lungs to pick up more oxygen. This kind of circulation is called: pulmonary circulation Once the blood has picked up more oxygen from the lungs, it returns to the heart to be pumped to the brain and organs and tissues throughout the body. Together, systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation comprise the complete cardiac cycle. Watch this short video: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anat omyvideos/000067.htm The heart is able to sustain this activity because it has an electrical system that triggers the pumping action. Watch this short video: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/anat omyvideos/000021.htm 32 The heart’s chambers alternate between the contracting/pumping phase—systole—and the relaxation/refilling phase—diastole. (2) What is the heart’s primary job or function? a) Attach to the blood vessels b) Pump oxygen-rich blood to the brain and organs of the body c) Refill after rest (2) What is it called when the blood is pumped to the brain and body’s organs and tissues? a) Systemic circulation b) Pulmonary circulation c) systole (2) What is it called when the heart pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen? a) Systemic circulation b) Pulmonary circulation c) diastole (2) What is systole ? a) Relaxation/refilling phase of a cardiac cycle b) Pumping/contracting phase of a cardiac cycle c) Blood pressure (2) What is diastole? a) Relaxation/refilling phase of a cardiac cycle b) Pumping/contracting phase of a cardiac cycle c) Blood pressure Pathological Conditions Things can go wrong. . . There are many things that can go wrong with the heart and blood vessels. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) is the narrowing of the coronary arteries to the extent that blood supply to the heart muscle is moderately to severely limited or blocked. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quoR8YP nYy4&feature=channel Infarct: (noun) A small localized area of dead tissue resulting from failure of blood supply. Infarction: (noun) The formation of an infarct Ischemia: (noun) An inadequate blood supply to a part of the body, especially the heart muscles. 43 ANGINA PECTORIS Angina Pectoris is severe pain around the heart. This pain is due to lack of blood/oxygen supply to the heart muscle. With rest and reduced activity, the pain will go away within 5-15 minutes. MYCARDIAL INFARCTION Myocardial Infarction (MI) is a full-blown heart attack. The symptoms are similar to Angina Pectoris. However, rest does not solve the problem. The artery is completely blocked and the heart muscle begins to starve for oxygen and die. 45 Aneurysm (pronounced: AN-yoo-rizm) is a localized sac-like bulge in the wall of an artery. It usually forms at a weak point in the arterial wall. It can rupture and lead to serious internal bleeding. Arteriosclerosis (also called Atherosclerosis) Watch the short video: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/ medlineplus/ency/anat omyvideos/000006.ht m Hypertension is a condition in which the patient has a higher blood pressure than normal (exceeds 140/90 mmHg). 49 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/an atomyvideos/000013.htm 50 Essential hypertension Accounts for 90 percent of all hypertension No single known cause Secondary hypertension Due to underlying cause Malignant hypertension Severe and rapidly progressive Diastolic pressure higher than 120 mmHg 51 Inflammation of a vein associated with the formation of a thrombus (clot) ▪ Usually occurs in an extremity, most frequently a leg 52 Superficial Thrombophlebitis Usually obvious Accompanied by cordlike or thready appearance to the vessel Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) Occurs primarily in lower legs, thighs, and pelvic area Characterized by aching or cramping pain in legs 53 54 Extremely rapid, incomplete contractions of the atria resulting in disorganized and uncoordinated twitching of the atria ▪ Rate of contractions may be as high as 350 to 600 beats per minute 55 Rapid, tremulous (quivering like a bowl of Jell-O) and ineffectual contractions of the ventricles ▪ No audible heartbeat ▪ No palpable pulse ▪ No respiration ▪ No blood circulation ▪ If prolonged, will lead to cardiac arrest 56 An interference with the normal conduction of electric impulses that control activity of the heart muscle 57 Condition in which the ventricles of the heart beat at a rate greater than 100 beats per minute ▪ Characterized by three or more consecutive premature ventricular contractions Also known as V-tach 58 MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION Also known as a HEART ATTACK My/o = Muscle cardi = Heart -al = Pertaining to Simple definition: Pertaining to the heart muscle Infarct = Death of tissue -ion = Process or action Simple definition: Process or action of death of tissue So, putting all of it together, we could make a simple definition for “Myocardial Infarction”: “Pertaining to death (process of dying) of the heart muscle.” (1) What is the definition you learned for “Pathological”? a. Pertaining to the heart b. Pertaining to discomfort c. Pertaining to the knowledge/study of diseases (2) Which of the following choices are good examples of signs and symptoms related to problems with the heart and blood vessels? a. Choking, coughing b. Anxiety, chest pain c. Runny nose, headache (3) What does “coronary” mean? a. Pertaining to muscle b. Pertaining to the blood vessels c. Pertaining to the heart (4) Which term means “pertaining to the heart muscle”? a. Coronary b. Myopathy c. Myocardial (5) What does the term “disease” mean when defined by its parts? a. To undo comfort b. To undo stress c. Too much ease What word element means: Angi/o “vessel” 68 What word element means: Arteri/o “Artery” 69 What word element means: Ather/o “fatty” 70 What word element means: “Heart” Card/i & Coron/o 71 What word element means: ech/o “Sound” 72 What word element means: endo- “within” 73 Read the article aloud in your small groups and list three things that were new information to people in your group.