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Chapter 15 Section 1 – The Call to Arms Lincoln declared that a rebellion existed Called the nation’s governors 75,000 troops Men eagerly signed up Some states Wanted to send more than requested Wanted the glory of war Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri Maryland and Delaware Seceded April 17th Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina Did not respond Virginia Refused to send troops Seceded in May 50 counties in western Virginia Did not support slavery and refused to secede Admitted into the Union as West Virginia 1863 -Free state Border Kentucky – important control of Ohio River Declared itself - neutral Union Generals wanted to occupy KY Lincoln refused, fearing occupation would tip it to secede September 1861 – South invaded KY – joined the Union Missouri – sided with the Confederacy states – slave states that did not secede Lincoln sent troops – set up own state government Stayed with the Union throughout the war Maryland Washington, DC-would be surrounded if part of Confederacy Southern sympathizers destroyed railroads/telegraph lines Lincoln declared martial law (military is in charge, citizens’ rights are suspended) Officials suspected of disloyalty were jailed without trials Southern Military Advantage Advantages The North would have to invade the South Confederates would be fighting on own territory Most of the experienced military officers were Southerners Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, Albert S.Johnston All resigned from the US Army to fight for South Northern US had 130,000 factories Advantage - 1861 110,000 – North Twice the railroad track Twice the farmland Two-Thirds population in North One-third of the South’s population – slaves North had more resources to field, feed, and equip larger armies Union leaders hoped for a quick victory Lincoln ordered naval blockade of seaports Cut off supplies of manufactured goods Prevent overseas sale of cotton Gain control of Mississippi River South’s major transportation link Split the South in half Invade Virginia Confederate Capital - Richmond – only 100 miles from Washington, DC No need to invade the North Defend their land until North tired of fighting Hoped to get support from Britain/Europe Hoped Britain’s need of cotton would force them to support South Families had members fight for both sides Mary Lincoln’s four brothers fought for South 1 million Southern white males ¾ fought (age 18-45) 3.5 million Northern white males 2/3 fought (age 18-45) ½ Northern troops – farmers ¼ - Northern troops – immigrants Some as young as 14 Beginning – 10 hours a day – training Stayed in camp Fresh, clean water – hard to maintain Food – hardtack - dry cracker – carried in pack Wet weather – life miserable Lucky had tents – most slept outside Disease hard to control – typhoid fever, smallpox Both sides – prison camps 10% deaths occurred in prison camps Elmira, New York – worst in North Andersonville, Georgia – worst in South Inhumane conditions Little food Death by starvation/exposure Overcrowded July 1861 Union General Irvin McDowell Wanted time to train troops Newspapers/Politicians demanded capture of Richmond 35,000 troops marched south into Virginia Sightseers came in wagons/have picnic/watch Confederates waited at Manassas, VA Railroad center Bull Run – river just north of Manassas July 21, 1861 At first – Union Army pushed forward Confederate General Thomas Jackson rallied his men to hold firm Union troops panicked and ran Sight-seerers panicked and fled home, too Confederates soldiers – too exhausted to pursue South claimed victory North was embarrassed North hopes for a quick victory ended at Bull Run North thought it would last 90 days Now realized that the war would be long Lincoln needed to find a commander of Union troops Section 2 Early Years of the War Invention of Ironclads Warships covered with protective iron plates Cannon fire bounced off the armor Classic battle of the Monitor and Merrimack Fought to a draw in March 1862 Confederates used ironclads to beat naval blockade Used smaller iron-covered gunboats up and down the Mississippi River Grant and Sherman A. Johnson and Beauregard Graduated from West Point bottom of class Unsuccessful in the US Army – quit to work in Dad’s store Given a field command under General Halleck Lincoln appointed as Commander in the West Desperate for victories, Lincoln was aware that Grant gained small successes in KY and Tenn. Different from McClellan McClellan wore fitted uniforms, arrogant, vain Grant took chances, wore rumpled clothes, ate and drank with his men, smoked cigars, lived simply in the field Ulysses S Grant William T. Sherman Grant made advances in the west taking control of the Mississippi River north of Memphis, Tenn. Captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River Two water routes into the western Confederacy In control of the Union Grant gained reinforcements and moved south toward Corinth, Mississippi – important RR center Albert Sidney Johnston stood in his way Meet at a church called Shiloh April 6, 1862 Weapons were more advanced than strategy New guns more accurate longer distances Generals allowed men to charge right into bombardments Artillery were slow to change tactics was advanced attacking armies would bombard long before sending ground troops to battle Grant/Sherman camped with troops West side of the Tennessee River Waiting a month for General Buell to join them from Ohio Plan to join and plunge south to Corinth Johnston planned to attack before Buell arrived Beauregard (2nd in command) objected- drew up a plan 9:30 am Confederates opened fire Charged into Union camps 8 out of 10 men had not seen any action Intense fighting in the Peach Orchard and Hornet’s Nest Johnston himself led a charge wounded on his leg that nicked an artery – bled to death Command passed to Beauregard Waited to nest day to finish off Grant Buell’s reinforcements began to arrive Federal gunboats Shelled the Confederate camp overnight At dawn Grant’s 50,000 strong attacked Beauregard’s 30,000 weary troops Pushed Beauregard back Beauregard retreated to Corinth Union Victory – Just what Lincoln wanted Halleck removed Grant Took a month to get the army to Corinth By then, Beauregard had fled David Farragut commanded the Union fleet Entered the Mississippi River from the Gulf Captured the Mississippi as far north as Vicksburg, Mississippi Remained a Confederate stronghold Union ships could not get through Cannons placed on the bluffs Needed Vicksburg to control the Mississippi Lee vs McClellan After the defeat at Bull Run, Lincoln replaced McDowell with General George McClellan Good organizer but very cautious For 7 months he trained his army but did not attack March 1862 – finally moved By boat took 100,000 along Chesapeake Bay to a peninsula southeast of Richmond Advanced toward Richmond against 15,000 Confederate troops Joseph E Johnston vs McClellan on the Peninsula McClellan stopped and started Requested more troops South reinforced in the mean time May 31, 1862 Seven Pines/Fair Oaks Joseph Johnson wounded He retreated – upset - Lincoln kept 37,000 (DC) Robert E Lee replaces Joseph E Johnston Father was a Revolutionary War hero Born in Virginia Graduated top of class at West Point Served as an engineer in the army before command Served honorably in the Mexican-American War Led the US Army at Harper’s Ferry Resigned from the US Army when Virginia seceded Began the war in Georgia/S. Carolina Building fortifications Called up to help in the Peninsula Campaign Attacked at Mechanicsville, Gaines’s Mill. Malvern Hill Pushing McClellan away from Richmond All but one of the battle of Seven Days won by Union – yet McClellan treated them as defeats Relentless attacks un-nerved McClellan Lincoln traveled by boat to visit McClellan Replaced McClellan with John Pope Stonewall Jackson, Jeb Stuart Raided and looted Pope’s army Stole money, Pope’s dress coat out of HDQTRs Met again at Manassas Junction – August 29, 1862 Jackson, Stuart and Longstreet Defeated Pope at the 2nd Battle of Bull Run Clara Barton – Angel of the Battlefield Confederate victory Lincoln replaced Pope with McClellan The North and Lincoln needed a victory Emancipation Proclamation Lee decides to attack in the North Believed that Richmond was safe Hoped for a victory in the North Entice Britain or France to support the South Slipped into Maryland McClellan got the battle plans by sheer luck 3 cigars wrapped in a piece of paper Waited 16 crucial hours September 17, 1862 – McClellan attacks Lee near Sharpsburg, Maryland Bloodiest day of the war Union troops under Joseph Hooker attacked Dunker Church Intense fighting along the Sunken Road, cornfields Moved to a bridge over Antietam Creek Burnside Bridge Three battles Lee’s attack halted Antietam Confederate dead Burnside Bridge McClellan attacked Lee on Northern soil Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, MD Union army attacked over and over lost 12,000 men Lee lost 14,000 – almost 1/3 of army Lee retreated into Virginia McClellan did not pursue No clear winner but because Lee retreated, North claimed victory Bloodiest day of the war Union - 12,000 casualties (killed, wounded, missing) South – 14,000 – almost 1/3 of army Lee was forced to retreat back to Virginia McClellan blew a chance to chase Lee and deal the South a fatal blow Lincoln was upset Chapter 15 Section 3 Initially was against freeing slaves Avoided aligning himself with abolitionists Horace Greeley – abolitionist publisher Lincoln wrote a letter: would not free any slaves or all slaves - if he could preserve the Union, Abolitionists pressured Lincoln to free slaves Lincoln worried that this would cause border states to secede Lincoln’s goal was to restore the Union even if it meant letting slavery continue As the war progressed, Lincoln realized how important slavery was to the war cause in the South Told his Cabinet that he intended to issue an Emancipation Proclamation as Commander in Chief Cabinet told Lincoln to wait until after some Union victories Lincoln met with the Cabinet after Antietam and indicated he planned to issue the Proclamation Emancipate means to set free January 1, 1863 Freed slaves only in areas that were fighting the Union Had little effect – Union had no power in these states Did not free slaves in the border states Criticized and praised White southerners accused Lincoln of trying to get the slaves to revolt Union soldiers supported it Changed the War into a War against slavery Ended any possibility that Britain would support the South – they were against slavery United the African Americans in support of the war Freed few slaves Until the Emancipation Proclamation, blacks could not serve Encouraged blacks to enlist Ultimately 189,000 African Americans served More than half were runaway or former slaves If captured, most returned to slavery or killed Navy Black and white sailors served together Army Most served in black-only regiments with white officers at less pay Free blacks served in the Union army Cooks, wagon drivers, hospital aides Enslaved blacks in the South Worked to hurt the Confederate effort Provided military information to Union Quietly resisted work Worked slowly Damaged equipment Refused to work 54th Massachusetts Infantry Appointed by Governor of Massachusetts White leadership Attacked Fort Wagner in South Carolina July 18, 1863 Volunteered to lead the charge Reached the top Turned back Half of the unit were casualties Movie “Glory” Chapter 15 Section 4 Not all Southerners supported secession Not all Northerners supported a war to end slavery or to restore the Union Opposition strongest Georgia and North Carolina Regions with large slaveholding plantations had strong support for the war Poor backcountry regions had less support Other divisions were political States rights arguments SC governor objected to officers from other states leading SC troops Governors of NC and Georgia did not want conscription of their men Many opposed the Emancipation Proclamation Some believed the South has the right to secede Northern Critics Democrats Known as Copperheads Blamed Lincoln for causing the war Criticized the war and called for peace Strongest in Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana Opponents of war (on both sides) Disrupted war effort Convinced soldiers to desert Helped prisoners of war escape Tried to prevent men from volunteering Suspended writ of Habeas corpus (constitutional protection against unlawful arrest) Empowers judges to order imprisoned people to be brought into court to determine if they are being legally held Lincoln and Davis suspended the right in some places More than 13,000 people in the North, arrested and held without trial Desertion Soldiers left units to plant and/or harvest crops At any time half to third soldiers were AWOL Draft – major problem Laws South was first to pass Conscription – April 1862 White men between 18-35 – later 17-50 Lincoln signed a similar act in 1863 – ages 20-45 Southern exemptions Men who owned 20 or more slaves Could hire substitutes North Wealthy could pay $300 in lieu of service Complaints that it was a ‘poor man’s war’ Violent riots in New York City Factory workers and laborers rioted for several days Destroyed property Attacked African Americans and wealthy white men Industries Draft took away employees – constant shortage First income tax levied in August, 1861 Tax on money people earn Used to pay for the war Printed boomed currency (paper money) Caused inflation – general rise in prices Prices increased an average of 80% Union blockage prevented South for raising money by selling cotton overseas Inflation Greater inflation than the North Shortages caused prices to rise Shoes ($18 in 1862)($800 in 1864) Food production fell Union armies destroyed farmland and crops Food shortages led to riots in some cities Took over businesses and farms Became spies At least 400 disguised as soldiers Worked in factories, government jobs, teachers Made strides in the field of Nursing Elizabeth Blackwell (first female physician) Trained nurses Dorothea Dix, Harriet Tubman Clara Barton Angel of the Battlefield Set up an American branch of the Red Cross Chapter 14 Section 5 Fredericksburg, Virginia – Confederate Victory Burnside vs Lee Burnside marches 120,000 directly to Richmond Lee met him with 75,000 Burnside attacked with traditional charges Burnside lost 13,000 – Lee defeats Burnside Chancellorsville, Virginia – Confederate Victory Hooker vs Lee Lee defeats Hooker with force ½ its size Lee loses Stonewall Jackson in the battle Lee believed that a victory on northern soil would force the North to end the war Crossed into Pennsylvania North commanded by Meade Lee’s forward army went into Gettysburg to find shoes Instead they found Meade’s army More troops joined both armies Fought for 3 days with over 51,000 casualties In the end, North had won; Lee leaves the North – never to return. Meade blows a chance to knock out Lee’s army. George Meade Robert E Lee Grant began siege in May 1863 Pemberton dug in using caves, shelters Grant’s blockades starved out the residents After six weeks, Pemberton surrendered to Grant -the last stronghold on the Mississippi Surrendered on July 4th Turning point of the war in favor of Union Lincoln addressed about 15,000 at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg Lincoln foretold of a Union victory Lincoln appoints Grant – Commander of all Union forces Grant appoints Sherman Commander in charge of the Western army Grant takes over the Army of the Potomac Immediately decided to attack Richmond After seven weeks of engagements, Grant continued to outflank Lee’s position Union losses totaled 55,000 – reinforcements were available Confederate losses totaled 35,000 – no replacements possible Grant takes on Lee Series of assaults No victories – many casualties Grant decides to drive south of Richmond Petersburg - important RR center cut off Lee’s supplies Both armies dug in trenches Grant began the siege of Petersburg Settles in for the siege not unlike Vicksburg After taking Chattanooga, Sherman drove his army towards Atlanta Faced Joe Johnson – beloved Confederate general Sherman pushed Johnson back to outskirts of Atlanta in a series of battles in Georgia Jefferson Davis replaced Johnson with Texan John Bell Hood Stalemate outside of Atlanta Sherman began siege of Atlanta Finally attacks from the southwest Atlanta falls on September 2, 1864 – Union Victory Lincoln vs McClellan Many blamed Lincoln for the war With Union losses, Lincoln thought he would lose the election South tried to influence the election Atlanta victory gave Lincoln the support he needed to defeat McClellan Lincoln was a huge victory in November Sherman ordered Atlanta burned Sherman believed in ‘total war’ All out attack at destroying an enemy’s army, its resources and its people’s will to fight Determined to march to Savannah, GA and the sea would cut the Confederacy in half Troops set fire to buildings, seized crops and livestock, and pulled up RR tracks Path of destruction – 60 miles wide Sent Lincoln a telegram at Christmas – giving Lincoln the city of Savannah as a Christmas gift By February, army headed north to North Carolina In March, Grant’s army extended his battle lines around Petersburg Lee knew it was only a matter of time before Grant would capture the city In his Inaugural address in March 1865, Lincoln asked Americans to forgive and forget, “With malice toward none; with charity for all…let us strive together…to bind up the nation’s wounds” Lincoln, Sherman, Grant Met on a ship off the coast Met to discuss pending surrender/terms All agreed that the Confederates had only to give up their weapons and return home No retaliation would be sought Confederates would be countrymen again On April 2nd Grant’s troops finally broke through Lee’s lines By evening, Richmond was in Grant’s control Sherman was outside Goldsborough, NC – ready to join forces with Grant Lee’s army retreated to Appomattox Court House – escape cut off – Lee surrendered Grant allowed men to keep horses, give up weapons Lee agreed – rode off on Traveler Grant warned the Union soldiers not to celebrate in front of Lee Bloodiest conflict in US history Confederate dead – 260,000 Union dead – 360,000 Official Total Dead – 618,222 Some historians estimate dead at 750,000 Union African American dead – 37,000 Returning home - wounded – 500,000 Reunited the nation Ended slavery 100 years would pass before blacks realized real freedom Civil Rights Act – 1964 Now comes the challenge of putting the Union back together again