Download The Civil War

Chapter 15
Section 1 – The Call to Arms
 Lincoln
declared that a rebellion existed
 Called the nation’s governors

75,000 troops
 Men
eagerly signed up
 Some states


Wanted to send more than requested
Wanted the glory of war

Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri


Maryland and Delaware


Seceded April 17th
Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina


Did not respond
Virginia


Refused to send troops
Seceded in May
50 counties in western Virginia



Did not support slavery and refused to secede
Admitted into the Union as West Virginia
1863 -Free state
 Border

Kentucky – important control of Ohio River





Declared itself - neutral
Union Generals wanted to occupy KY
Lincoln refused, fearing occupation would tip it to secede
September 1861 – South invaded KY – joined the Union
Missouri – sided with the Confederacy



states – slave states that did not secede
Lincoln sent troops – set up own state government
Stayed with the Union throughout the war
Maryland




Washington, DC-would be surrounded if part of Confederacy
Southern sympathizers destroyed railroads/telegraph lines
Lincoln declared martial law (military is in charge, citizens’
rights are suspended)
Officials suspected of disloyalty were jailed without trials
 Southern

Military Advantage



Advantages
The North would have to invade the South
Confederates would be fighting on own territory
Most of the experienced military officers were
Southerners


Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston, Albert S.Johnston
All resigned from the US Army to fight for South
 Northern

US had 130,000 factories






Advantage - 1861
110,000 – North
Twice the railroad track
Twice the farmland
Two-Thirds population in North
One-third of the South’s population – slaves
North had more resources to field, feed, and
equip larger armies
 Union
leaders hoped for a quick victory
 Lincoln ordered naval blockade of seaports


Cut off supplies of manufactured goods
Prevent overseas sale of cotton
 Gain


control of Mississippi River
South’s major transportation link
Split the South in half
 Invade

Virginia
Confederate Capital - Richmond – only 100 miles
from Washington, DC
 No
need to invade the North
 Defend their land until North tired of fighting
 Hoped to get support from Britain/Europe
 Hoped Britain’s need of cotton would force
them to support South
 Families
had members fight for both sides
 Mary Lincoln’s four brothers fought for South
 1 million Southern white males

¾ fought (age 18-45)
 3.5




million Northern white males
2/3 fought (age 18-45)
½ Northern troops – farmers
¼ - Northern troops – immigrants
Some as young as 14
 Beginning
– 10 hours a day – training
 Stayed in camp
 Fresh, clean water – hard to maintain
 Food – hardtack - dry cracker – carried in pack
 Wet weather – life miserable
 Lucky had tents – most slept outside
 Disease hard to control – typhoid fever, smallpox
 Both
sides – prison camps
 10% deaths occurred in prison camps
 Elmira, New York – worst in North
 Andersonville, Georgia – worst in South




Inhumane conditions
Little food
Death by starvation/exposure
Overcrowded
July 1861
 Union

General Irvin McDowell
Wanted time to train troops
 Newspapers/Politicians
demanded capture of
Richmond
 35,000 troops marched south into Virginia
 Sightseers came in wagons/have picnic/watch
 Confederates waited at Manassas, VA



Railroad center
Bull Run – river just north of Manassas
July 21, 1861
 At
first – Union Army pushed forward
 Confederate General Thomas Jackson rallied
his men to hold firm
 Union troops panicked and ran
 Sight-seerers panicked and fled home, too
 Confederates soldiers – too exhausted to
pursue
 South claimed victory
 North was embarrassed
 North
hopes for a quick victory ended at Bull Run
 North thought it would last 90 days
 Now realized that the war would be long
 Lincoln needed to find a commander of Union
troops
Section 2
Early Years of the War
 Invention
of Ironclads
 Warships covered with protective iron plates
 Cannon fire bounced off the armor
 Classic battle of the Monitor and Merrimack
 Fought to a draw in March 1862
 Confederates used ironclads to beat naval
blockade
 Used smaller iron-covered gunboats up and
down the Mississippi River
Grant and Sherman
A. Johnson and Beauregard
 Graduated
from West Point bottom of class
 Unsuccessful in the US Army – quit to work in
Dad’s store
 Given a field command under General Halleck

Lincoln appointed as Commander in the West
 Desperate
for victories, Lincoln was aware that
Grant gained small successes in KY and Tenn.
 Different from McClellan


McClellan wore fitted uniforms, arrogant, vain
Grant took chances, wore rumpled clothes, ate and
drank with his men, smoked cigars, lived simply in
the field
Ulysses S Grant
William T. Sherman
 Grant
made advances in the west taking control
of the Mississippi River north of Memphis, Tenn.
 Captured Fort Henry on the Tennessee River and
Fort Donelson on the Cumberland River


Two water routes into the western Confederacy
In control of the Union
 Grant
gained reinforcements and moved south
toward Corinth, Mississippi – important RR center
 Albert Sidney Johnston stood in his way
 Meet at a church called Shiloh
 April 6, 1862
 Weapons
were more advanced than strategy
 New guns


more accurate
longer distances
 Generals

allowed men to charge right into bombardments
 Artillery

were slow to change tactics
was advanced
attacking armies would bombard long before
sending ground troops to battle

Grant/Sherman camped with troops
West side of the Tennessee River
 Waiting a month for General Buell to join them from Ohio
 Plan to join and plunge south to Corinth


Johnston planned to attack before Buell arrived


Beauregard (2nd in command) objected- drew up a plan
9:30 am Confederates opened fire
Charged into Union camps
 8 out of 10 men had not seen any action
 Intense fighting in the Peach Orchard and Hornet’s Nest


Johnston himself led a charge


wounded on his leg that nicked an artery – bled to death
Command passed to Beauregard

Waited to nest day to finish off Grant
 Buell’s
reinforcements began to arrive
 Federal gunboats

Shelled the Confederate camp overnight
 At
dawn Grant’s 50,000 strong attacked
Beauregard’s 30,000 weary troops
 Pushed Beauregard back
 Beauregard retreated to Corinth
 Union Victory – Just what Lincoln wanted
 Halleck removed Grant


Took a month to get the army to Corinth
By then, Beauregard had fled
 David
Farragut commanded the Union fleet
 Entered the Mississippi River from the Gulf
 Captured the Mississippi as far north as
Vicksburg, Mississippi




Remained a Confederate stronghold
Union ships could not get through
Cannons placed on the bluffs
Needed Vicksburg to control the Mississippi
Lee vs McClellan
 After
the defeat at Bull Run, Lincoln replaced
McDowell with General George McClellan


Good organizer but very cautious
For 7 months he trained his army but did not attack
 March


1862 – finally moved
By boat took 100,000 along Chesapeake Bay to a
peninsula southeast of Richmond
Advanced toward Richmond against 15,000
Confederate troops
 Joseph





E Johnston vs McClellan on the Peninsula
McClellan stopped and started
Requested more troops
South reinforced in the mean time
May 31, 1862 Seven Pines/Fair Oaks
Joseph Johnson wounded
He retreated – upset - Lincoln kept 37,000 (DC)
 Robert E Lee replaces Joseph E Johnston

 Father
was a Revolutionary War hero
 Born in Virginia
 Graduated top of class at West Point
 Served as an engineer in the army before command
 Served honorably in the Mexican-American War
 Led the US Army at Harper’s Ferry
 Resigned from the US Army when Virginia seceded
 Began the war in Georgia/S. Carolina

Building fortifications
 Called
up to help in the Peninsula Campaign
 Attacked
at Mechanicsville, Gaines’s Mill.
Malvern Hill
 Pushing McClellan away from Richmond
 All but one of the battle of Seven Days won
by Union – yet McClellan treated them as
defeats
 Relentless attacks un-nerved McClellan
 Lincoln traveled by boat to visit McClellan
 Replaced McClellan with John Pope
 Stonewall



Jackson, Jeb Stuart
Raided and looted Pope’s army
Stole money, Pope’s dress coat out of HDQTRs
Met again at Manassas Junction – August 29, 1862
Jackson, Stuart and Longstreet
 Defeated Pope at the 2nd Battle of Bull Run


Clara Barton – Angel of the Battlefield
 Confederate
victory
 Lincoln replaced Pope with McClellan
 The North and Lincoln needed a victory

Emancipation Proclamation
 Lee

decides to attack in the North
Believed that Richmond was safe
 Hoped

for a victory in the North
Entice Britain or France to support the South
 Slipped

into Maryland
McClellan got the battle plans by sheer luck


3 cigars wrapped in a piece of paper
Waited 16 crucial hours
 September
17, 1862 – McClellan attacks Lee
near Sharpsburg, Maryland
 Bloodiest day of the war
 Union
troops under Joseph Hooker attacked
 Dunker Church
 Intense fighting along the Sunken Road,
cornfields
 Moved to a bridge over Antietam Creek

Burnside Bridge
 Three
battles
 Lee’s attack halted
Antietam
Confederate dead
Burnside Bridge
 McClellan
attacked Lee on Northern soil
 Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, MD
 Union army attacked over and over

lost 12,000 men
 Lee
lost 14,000 – almost 1/3 of army
 Lee retreated into Virginia
 McClellan did not pursue
 No clear winner but because Lee retreated,
North claimed victory
 Bloodiest


day of the war
Union - 12,000 casualties (killed, wounded, missing)
South – 14,000 – almost 1/3 of army
 Lee
was forced to retreat back to Virginia
 McClellan blew a chance to chase Lee and deal
the South a fatal blow
 Lincoln was upset
Chapter 15
Section 3
 Initially
was against freeing slaves
 Avoided aligning himself with abolitionists
 Horace Greeley – abolitionist publisher

Lincoln wrote a letter: would not free any slaves
or all slaves - if he could preserve the Union,
 Abolitionists
pressured Lincoln to free slaves
 Lincoln worried that this would cause border
states to secede
 Lincoln’s goal was to restore the Union even
if it meant letting slavery continue
 As
the war progressed, Lincoln realized how
important slavery was to the war cause in
the South
 Told his Cabinet that he intended to issue an
Emancipation Proclamation as Commander in
Chief
 Cabinet told Lincoln to wait until after some
Union victories
 Lincoln met with the Cabinet after
Antietam and indicated he planned
to issue the Proclamation
 Emancipate means to set free
 January
1, 1863
 Freed slaves

only in areas that were fighting the Union
 Had
little effect – Union had no power in
these states
 Did not free slaves in the border states
 Criticized and praised
 White southerners accused Lincoln of trying
to get the slaves to revolt
 Union soldiers supported it
 Changed
the War into a War against slavery
 Ended any possibility that Britain would support
the South – they were against slavery
 United the African Americans in support of the
war
 Freed few slaves
 Until
the Emancipation Proclamation, blacks
could not serve

Encouraged blacks to enlist
 Ultimately


189,000 African Americans served
More than half were runaway or former slaves
If captured, most returned to slavery or killed
 Navy

Black and white sailors served together
 Army

Most served in black-only regiments with white
officers at less pay
 Free

blacks served in the Union army
Cooks, wagon drivers, hospital aides
 Enslaved






blacks in the South
Worked to hurt the Confederate effort
Provided military information to Union
Quietly resisted work
Worked slowly
Damaged equipment
Refused to work
 54th









Massachusetts Infantry
Appointed by Governor of Massachusetts
White leadership
Attacked Fort Wagner in South Carolina
July 18, 1863
Volunteered to lead the charge
Reached the top
Turned back
Half of the unit were casualties
Movie “Glory”
Chapter 15
Section 4
Not
all Southerners
supported secession
Not
all Northerners
supported a war to end
slavery or to restore the
Union
 Opposition

strongest
Georgia and North Carolina
 Regions
with large slaveholding plantations
had strong support for the war
 Poor backcountry regions had less support
 Other divisions were political



States rights arguments
SC governor objected to officers from other
states leading SC troops
Governors of NC and Georgia did not want
conscription of their men
 Many
opposed the Emancipation Proclamation
 Some believed the South has the right to secede
 Northern Critics





Democrats
Known as Copperheads
Blamed Lincoln for causing the war
Criticized the war and called for peace
Strongest in Illinois, Ohio, and Indiana
 Opponents




of war (on both sides)
Disrupted war effort
Convinced soldiers to desert
Helped prisoners of war escape
Tried to prevent men from volunteering
 Suspended
writ of Habeas corpus (constitutional
protection against unlawful arrest)



Empowers judges to order imprisoned people to be
brought into court to determine if they are being
legally held
Lincoln and Davis suspended the right in some places
More than 13,000 people in the North, arrested and
held without trial
 Desertion


Soldiers left units to plant and/or harvest crops
At any time half to third soldiers were AWOL
 Draft



– major problem
Laws
South was first to pass Conscription – April 1862
White men between 18-35 – later 17-50
Lincoln signed a similar act in 1863 – ages 20-45
 Southern


exemptions
Men who owned 20 or more slaves
Could hire substitutes
 North




Wealthy could pay $300 in lieu of service
Complaints that it was a ‘poor man’s war’
Violent riots in New York City
Factory workers and laborers rioted for several days


Destroyed property
Attacked African Americans and wealthy white men
 Industries

Draft took away employees – constant shortage
 First


income tax levied in August, 1861
Tax on money people earn
Used to pay for the war
 Printed


boomed
currency (paper money)
Caused inflation – general rise in prices
Prices increased an average of 80%
 Union

blockage
prevented South for raising money by selling
cotton overseas
 Inflation



Greater inflation than the North
Shortages caused prices to rise
Shoes ($18 in 1862)($800 in 1864)
 Food


production fell
Union armies destroyed farmland and crops
Food shortages led to riots in some cities
 Took
over businesses and farms
 Became spies
 At least 400 disguised as soldiers
 Worked in factories, government jobs, teachers
 Made strides in the field of Nursing


Elizabeth Blackwell (first female physician)
Trained nurses


Dorothea Dix, Harriet Tubman
Clara Barton
 Angel of the Battlefield
 Set up an American branch of the Red Cross
Chapter 14
Section 5
 Fredericksburg,





Virginia – Confederate Victory
Burnside vs Lee
Burnside marches 120,000 directly to Richmond
Lee met him with 75,000
Burnside attacked with traditional charges
Burnside lost 13,000 – Lee defeats Burnside
 Chancellorsville,



Virginia – Confederate Victory
Hooker vs Lee
Lee defeats Hooker with force ½ its size
Lee loses Stonewall Jackson in the battle
 Lee
believed that a victory on northern soil would
force the North to end the war
 Crossed into Pennsylvania
 North commanded by Meade
 Lee’s forward army went into Gettysburg to find
shoes
 Instead they found Meade’s army
 More troops joined both armies
 Fought for 3 days with over 51,000 casualties
 In the end, North had won; Lee leaves the North –
never to return. Meade blows a chance to knock
out Lee’s army.
George Meade
Robert E Lee
 Grant
began siege in May 1863
 Pemberton dug in using caves, shelters
 Grant’s blockades starved out the residents
 After six weeks, Pemberton surrendered to
Grant -the last stronghold on the Mississippi
 Surrendered on July 4th
 Turning point of the war in favor of Union
 Lincoln
addressed about 15,000 at the
dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg
 Lincoln
foretold of a Union victory
 Lincoln
appoints Grant – Commander of all
Union forces

Grant appoints Sherman

Commander in charge of the Western army
 Grant

takes over the Army of the Potomac
Immediately decided to attack Richmond
 After
seven weeks of engagements, Grant
continued to outflank Lee’s position
 Union losses totaled 55,000 – reinforcements
were available
 Confederate losses totaled 35,000 – no
replacements possible
 Grant
takes on Lee
 Series of assaults
 No victories – many casualties
 Grant


decides to drive south of Richmond
Petersburg - important RR center
cut off Lee’s supplies
 Both
armies dug in trenches
 Grant began the siege of Petersburg
 Settles in for the siege

not unlike Vicksburg
 After
taking Chattanooga, Sherman drove his army
towards Atlanta
 Faced Joe Johnson – beloved Confederate general
 Sherman pushed Johnson back to outskirts of
Atlanta in a series of battles in Georgia
 Jefferson Davis replaced Johnson with Texan

John Bell Hood
 Stalemate
outside of Atlanta
 Sherman began siege of Atlanta
 Finally attacks from the southwest
 Atlanta falls on September 2, 1864 – Union Victory
 Lincoln
vs McClellan
 Many blamed Lincoln for the war
 With Union losses, Lincoln thought he
would lose the election
 South tried to influence the election
 Atlanta victory gave Lincoln the support
he needed to defeat McClellan
 Lincoln was a huge victory in November
 Sherman ordered Atlanta burned
 Sherman
believed in ‘total war’
All out attack at destroying an enemy’s army,
its resources and its people’s will to fight

 Determined

to march to Savannah, GA and the sea
would cut the Confederacy in half
 Troops
set fire to buildings, seized crops and
livestock, and pulled up RR tracks
 Path of destruction – 60 miles wide
 Sent Lincoln a telegram at Christmas – giving
Lincoln the city of Savannah as a Christmas gift
 By February, army headed north to North Carolina
 In
March, Grant’s army extended his battle lines
around Petersburg
 Lee knew it was only a matter of time before
Grant would capture the city
 In his Inaugural address in March 1865, Lincoln
asked Americans to forgive and forget, “With
malice toward none; with charity for all…let us
strive together…to bind up the nation’s
wounds”
 Lincoln,
Sherman, Grant
 Met on a ship off the coast
 Met to discuss pending surrender/terms
 All agreed that the Confederates had only to
give up their weapons and return home
 No retaliation would be sought
 Confederates would be countrymen again
 On
April 2nd Grant’s troops finally broke through
Lee’s lines
 By evening, Richmond was in Grant’s control
 Sherman was outside Goldsborough, NC – ready to
join forces with Grant
 Lee’s army retreated to Appomattox Court House
– escape cut off – Lee surrendered
 Grant allowed men to keep horses, give up
weapons
 Lee agreed – rode off on Traveler
 Grant warned the Union soldiers not to celebrate
in front of Lee
 Bloodiest
conflict in US history
 Confederate dead – 260,000
 Union dead – 360,000
 Official Total Dead – 618,222
 Some historians estimate dead at 750,000
 Union African American dead – 37,000
 Returning home - wounded – 500,000
 Reunited
the nation
 Ended slavery


100 years would pass before blacks realized real
freedom
Civil Rights Act – 1964
 Now
comes the challenge of putting the
Union back together again