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Download 1. Identify the prepositional phrases.
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#1. Identify the prepositional phrases. Preposition: A preposition is a word that shows a relationship between a noun or pronoun and some other word in the sentence. Below is a list of common (not all) prepositions. prepositions. *Note* Be careful!! The (*) indicates that the preposition can function as something other than a preposition. about above according to across *after against along along with among apart from around *as as for at because of *before behind below beneath beside between beyond but* (except) by by means of concerning despite down during except except for excepting for from in in addition to in back of in case of in front of in place of inside in spite of instead of into *like near next of off on onto on top of out out of outside over past regarding round *since through throughout *till *to toward under underneath unlike *until up upon up to with within without Prepositional Phrase: A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object. The object of the preposition preposition is the noun or pronoun following the preposition. As a general practice, put parentheses around prepositional phrases in order to reveal the basic components of the sentence. - We walked (through the hall,) (out the doors,) and arrived (at the foyer). = We walked and arrived. - (On the desk,) I found three books (with 100 pages each). = I found three books. #2. Write the subject and choose the correct verb. Subject/Verb Agreement Rules Basic Rule. The basic rule states that a singular subject takes a singular verb, while a plural subject takes a plural verb. NOTE: The trick is in knowing whether the subject is singular or plural. The next trick is recognizing a singular or plural verb. Hint: Verbs do not form their plurals by adding an s as nouns do. In order to determine which verb is singular and which one is plural, think of which verb you would use with he or she and which verb you would use with they. Example: Rule 1. Two singular subjects connected by or or nor require a singular verb. Example: Rule 2. talks, talk Which one is the singular form? Which word would you use with he? We say, "He talks." Therefore, talks is singular. We say, "They talk." Therefore, talk is plural. My aunt or my uncle is arriving by train today. Two singular subjects connected by either/or or neither/nor require a singular verb as in Rule 1. Examples: Neither Juan nor Carmen is available. Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations. Rule 3. When I is one of the two subjects connected by either/or or neither/nor, put it second and follow it with the singular verb am. Example: Rule 4. When a singular subject is connected by or or nor to a plural subject, put the plural subject last and use a plural verb. Example: Rule 5. The serving bowl or the plates go on that shelf. When a singular and plural subject are connected by either/or or neither/nor, put the plural subject last and use a plural verb. Example: Rule 6. Neither she nor I am going to the festival. Neither Jenny nor the others are available. As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more subjects when they are connected by and. Example: A car and a bike are my means of transportation. Rule 7. Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by words such as along with, as well as, besides, or not. Ignore these expressions when determining whether to use a singular or plural verb. Examples: The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly. Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking. Rule 8. The pronouns each, everyone, every one, everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, and somebody are singular and require singular verbs. Do not be misled by what follows of. Examples: Each of the girls sings well. Every one of the cakes is gone. NOTE: Everyone is one word when it means everybody. Every one is two words when the meaning is each one. Rule 9. With words that indicate portions—percent, fraction, part, majority, some, all, none, remainder, and so forth — look at the noun in your of phrase (object of the preposition) to determine whether to use a singular or plural verb. If the object of the preposition is singular, use a singular verb. If the object of the preposition is plural, use a plural verb. Examples: Fifty percent of the pie has disappeared. Pie is the object of the preposition of. Fifty percent of the pies have disappeared. Pies is the object of the preposition. One-third of the city is unemployed. One-third of the people are unemployed. NOTE: Hyphenate all spelled-out fractions. All of the pie is gone. All of the pies are gone. Some of the pie is missing. Some of the pies are missing. None of the garbage was picked up. None of the sentences were punctuated correctly. Rule 10. When either and neither are subjects, they always take singular verbs. Examples: Neither of them is available to speak right now. Either of us is capable of doing the job. Rule 11. The words here and there have generally been labeled as adverbs even though they indicate place. In sentences beginning with here or there, the subject follows the verb. Examples: There are four hurdles to jump. There is a high hurdle to jump. Rule 12. Use a singular verb with sums of money or periods of time. Examples: Ten dollars is a high price to pay. Five years is the maximum sentence for that offense. Rule 13. Sometimes the pronoun who, that, or which is the subject of a verb in the middle of the sentence. The pronouns who, that, and which become singular or plural according to the noun directly in front of them. So, if that noun is singular, use a singular verb. If it is plural, use a plural verb. Examples: Salma is the scientist who writes/write the reports. The word in front of who is scientist, which is singular. Therefore, use the singular verb writes. He is one of the men who does/do the work. The word in front of who is men, which is plural. Therefore, use the plural verb do. Rule 14. Collective nouns such as team and staff may be either singular or plural depending on their use in the sentence. Examples: The staff is in a meeting. Staff is acting as a unit here. The staff are in disagreement about the findings. The staff are acting as separate individuals in this example. The sentence would read even better as: The staff members are in disagreement about the findings. #3. Is this a simple, compound, complex, or compound/complex sentence? Simple Sentence: A simple sentence contains one independent clause (complete sentence) and no dependent clauses (incomplete sentences). Remember that even a simple sentence can include many details. Examples: - Malika sings. - Ben competes at chess every day after school. Compound Sentence: A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses and no dependent clauses. The clauses in a compound sentence must be closely related. Independent clauses can be joined by a semicolon OR a comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so). Example: - Malika sings every day, and she practices with the choir. - The choir rehearsed late on Tuesday, and the director praised their hard work. - The choir rehearsed late on Tuesday; the director praised their hard work. Complex Sentence: A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. The dependent clause will always begin with a subordinating conjunction (see #4 for a list of all subordinate conjunctions). Example: - Mr. Hernandez, who is a professional storyteller, performs at many different festivals. - Young people love the way he tells stories because he changes his voice and wears costumes. Compound/Complex Sentence: A compound/complex sentence contains • At least two independent clauses • At least one dependent clause. Example: - She played the banjo, and I played the drums because together we could make beautiful music. - As if they had the same mind, Mr. Bell threw a ruler, and Mr. Stapleton caught it. #4. Identify the part of speech for the underlined words. Preposition: Preposition: (see #1) Noun: a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea Examples: girl, Emily, restaurant, Arby’s, star, Little Dipper, imagination, honesty Pronoun: a word that takes the place of a noun or another pronoun (See #14 for detailed descriptions descriptions) Examples: she, my, he, him, anyone, this Verb: a word that represents an action (action verbs) or a state of being (linking verbs) verbs) Examples of Action Verbs: run, play, sing, trample, collide, breeze Examples Linking and Helping Verbs: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been, do, did, does, can, may, could, would, should, must, might, will, have, has, had, shall, seem Adjective: a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun Answers the ?’s: what kind, how many, which one, how much Examples: red, three, that, large, slimy, sleepy, beautiful, delicious Adverb: a word that describes or modifies a verb, adjective, or another adverb Answer the ?’s: how, when, where, to what extent (why); Examples: ran slowly, rode yesterday, spoke outside, married once, fell repeatedly Interjection: a word that expresses an emotion and has no grammatical bearing on the sentence. Examples: Man!, Gee!, Yea!, Ouch!, Well Conjunction: Conjunction: a word that connects words or groups of words Three types: Coordinating, Subordinating, Correlative Coordinating Examples: Examples and, or, but, nor, for, so, yet (FANBOYS) *Note* Coordinating Conjunctions are used with a comma to connect two independent clauses creating a compound sentence. (See #3) Subordinating Examples: Examples after although as as if as long as as much as as soon as as though because before by the time even even if even though every time how however if if only if then if when inasmuch in order that in case in the event that just as just in case lest now (that) now when once only if provided (that) rather than since so that supposing (that) than that the first time though till (or ‘til) unless until when whenever where where if whereas wherever whether or not while who whoever why *Note* Subordinating conjunctions are used at the beginning of a dependent clause combined with an independent clause to create a complex sentence. (See #3) Correlative Examples: Examples either…or, neither…nor, both…and, not only…but also, not…but, as…as, whether…or *Note* Correlative Conjunctions are used similar to FANBOYS creating compound sentences. #5. Part A: A: Identify the underlined verbal or verbal phrase as present participial, participial, past participial, participial, gerund, gerund, or infinitive. infinitive. Part B: B: Is the phrase functioning functioning as a noun, noun, adjective, adjective, or adverb? adverb? A verbal is a word that was originally a verb but is being used as a different part of speech. See the chart below to help you identify verbals, and how they act. Verbal Present Participl Participle Past Participle Gerund Infinitive Ending -ing -ed or -en -ing to + verb Function adjective adjective noun noun, adjective, or adverb Often verbals will create phrases which contain objects or even whole prepositional phrases. • The entire phrase will act as one part of speech, e.g., present participial phrase will act as a single adjective. • See the examples below to help identify whether the verbal is acting by itself or creating a phrase. Present Participle: Participle: • Original verb form: We were leaping through the hallways! • Present Participle: Those leaping frogs are really amazing! Present Participial phrase: • There goes Jacob (riding riding across the bridge). “riding across the bridge” is a participial phrase which contains the verbal: “riding,” the preposition: “across,” and the object of the preposition: “the bridge.” Think of this as a phrase within a phrase. Past Participle: • Original verb form: They really dented up that car. • Past participle: That dented door will be expensive to fix. Past Participial phrase: • Antelope are frequently (hunted hunted by lions). Gerund: Gerund: • Original verb form: We were running through the hallways. • Gerund: Running is my favorite sport. Gerundial phrase: • (Jumping Jumping off the roof) was not a good idea. HINT: If you can replace an –ing phrase with the pronoun “it” the phrase is gerundial, not participial, e.g., the sentence above could read: It was not a good idea. Infinitive: Original verb form: Infinitives will NEVER be used as a verb in sentences (that’s what infinitive means). • Infinitive phrase as a noun: o I love to go fishing. fishing (You can replace the phrase with a pronoun: I love it.) • Inf. phrase as an adjective: o Her ability to run track is astonishing! (What kind of ability? Ability to run track.) • Inf. Phrase as an adverb: o We waited in line to buy tickets. tickets (Why did they wait? To buy tickets.) #6. Write the correct pronoun. Subject pronouns are used as subjects of the sentence. Subjective Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, who Object Pronouns are used as objects. Objective Pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whom Subjective Objective I me *you *you he him she her *it *it we us they them who whom *Notice “you” and “it” take the same form as subjects and objects *Never use subject pronouns with object pronouns.* Examples: He and I (correct) Him and me (correct) Him and I (wrong) He and me (wrong) He and I are going to town. (both subjects) She told him and me the truth. (both objects) She gave the books to him and I. He and me are in a band. *TIP: TIP To know for sure whether to use I or me, use them individually in the sentence to see which one makes sense (plural equivalent: we or us) Example: Kerri gave the glasses to David and (I/me). Take out “David” – Would you say Kerri gave the glasses “to I” or “to me”? The correct sentence is: “Kerri gave the glasses to David and me.” #7. Choose the correct pronoun or contraction. Possessive Pronoun:: A possessive pronoun is a personal pronoun used to show ownership or relationship. Examples: The dog pricked up its little ears. It saw the boy and heard his loud cry for help. Contractions: A contraction is one word that has been made out of two or more words. Examples: It’s going to be a hot one today. I can tell he’s a strong swimmer. It is = It’s He is = He’s *Notice: the apostrophe takes the place of the missing letter(s). • Some possessive pronouns sound like contractions (its/it’s, your/you’re, their/they’re). Because these pairs are alike they are often confused. • Remember, a possessive pronoun NEVER uses an apostrophe. • A contraction, however, ALWAYS uses an apostrophe. #8. Write the correct adverb. Adverb: a word that modifies/describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb. Answers the ?’s: How? When? Where? To what extent (Why)? Examples How? When? Where? To what extent? Successfully Soon Inside Nearly Quietly Later Close Completely Terribly Now Together Quite Example of an adverb modifying… a verb: He drove slowly to the funeral. (slowly describes how he drove.) drove an adjective: He drove a really fast car. (really describes how fast.) fast an adverb: She moved quite slowly down the aisle. (quite describes how slowly.) slowly Adverbs can appear in several different positions: • Shari completed the exam quickly. quickly (After the Verb) • Shari quickly completed the exam. (Before the Verb) • Quickly, Quickly Shari completed the exam. (Beginning of the sentence) #9. Combine the following sentences or fix the run-on using the required form. Sentence Sentence combining is necessary to organize short, choppy, simple sentences, usually repeating similar information, and and combining them to make longer, more effective sentences sentences. Example: She was a Latin teacher. She taught in high school. She was tiny. She was a bird-like woman. She had dark eyes. Her eyes were sparkling. Her hair was gray. More Effective Sentences Sentences: -Our Latin teacher in high school was a tiny woman. She was birdlike, with dark, sparkling eyes and graying hair. -Our tiny Latin teacher in high school was a birdlike woman with graying hair and dark, sparkling eyes. There is no one single correct combination. With practice, you will learn to use a variety of versions to become a more versatile writer. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ RunRun-on Sentence: Sentence: a sentence that has two complete thoughts incorrectly combined into one sentence. 3 Methods to Correcting a Run-on sentence… Run-On Example: Murray takes the train to school Mom rides the bus. • Place a period between the two complete thoughts. Murray takes the train to school. Mom rides the bus. • Place a semisemi-colon between the two complete thoughts (possibly with a transition) Murray takes the train to school; however, Mom rides the bus. • Place a comma and a conjunction to correctly combine the two complete thoughts. Murray takes the train to school, and Mom rides the bus. Appositives: Appositives Another way to avoid repetitive sentence structure is with appositives. An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Note: The appositive and the word(s) it renames should be interchangeable. Examples: The insect, a cockroach , is crawling across the kitchen table. hairy-- legged cockroach that has spied my bowl of The insect, a large, hairy oatmeal , is crawling across the kitchen table. So instead of saying: You cold say: Mr. Anderson is our teacher. He is really smart and engaging. Mr. Anderson,, our teacher, is really smart and engaging. See #12 for definitions and examples of compound and complex sentences. • Sometimes the question will ask you to fix the sentence by changing it into a compound or complex sentence. See #14 for definitions and examples of gerund, infinitive, infi nitive, and participial phrases. • Sometimes the question will ask you to fix the sentence using verbal phrases. #10. Proofread and write the sentence correctly. When making changes to the sentence, no words should be added, taken away, or moved around to “fix” the sentence. Some Errors to look for: Punctuation: • Check for comma rule usage. (See #15 in your packet) • Make sure semicolons are used correctly. • Make sure the sentence ends with a period. • Check to see that dialogue or quotations are punctuated correctly. o “Hey mom,” Kathy said, “can we go to the mall today?” o When Romeo and Juliet first meet, Juliet says they’re love is “too sudden” and “too like the lightning which doth cease to be ere one can say ‘It lightens.’” Capitalization: • Always capitalize the first word of a sentence. • Always capitalize proper nouns: Mr. Williams, Kathy, Wal-Mart, Oreos, etc. • Capitalize the first word of a quote if you are quoting an entire sentence o As David read the book aloud, he raised his voice when the protagonist said, “You will not get away this time!” Spelling: Use a dictionary! SubjectSubject-Verb Agreement: See #2 in your packet Pronoun Usage: See #6, 7, and 14 in your packet Practice Examples: martha’s vineyard prove to be a one of a kind vacation spot my aunt molly were going downtown and decided to visit I for minute did you tell james that I liked him questioned martha #11. Write the correct verb. List of Irregular Verbs Simple Present Simple Past Past Participle arise awake become begin bite bleed break bring burn choose cling come creep deal dive do draw dream drink drive eat fall flee fling fly forbid forget forgive forgo freeze get give go grow hang hide hold hurt keep kneel knit know lay lead leap lend let lie (down) light mean meet pay prove quit read ride arose awoke became began bit bled broke brought burned or burnt chose clung came crept dealt dived or dove did drew dreamed or dreamt drank drove ate fell fled flung flew forbade or forbad forgot forgave forwent froze got gave went grew hung or hanged hid held hurt kept knelt or kneeled knitted or knit knew laid led leapt or leaped lent let lay lit or lighted meant met paid proved quit read rode arisen awoken become begun bitten bled broken brought burned or burnt chosen clung come crept dealt dived done drawn dreamed or dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fled flung flown, forbidden or forbade forgotten forgiven forgone frozen gotten or got given gone grown hung or hanged hidden held hurt kept knelt or kneeled knitted or knit known laid led leapt or leaped lent let lain lit or lighted meant met paid proved or proven quit read ridden More… Simple Present Simple Past Past Participle ring rise run saw see seek set sew shake shave shear shine show shrink sing sink slay sleep slide sneak speak speed spill spin spit split spring steal stick sting stink strew strike strive swear sweep swim swing take tear thrive throw undergo understand upset wake wear weave weep wind withdraw wring write rang rose ran sawed saw sought set sewed shook shaved sheared shone or shined showed shrank or shrunk sang sank slew slept slid sneaked or snuck spoke sped spilled or spilt spun spat or spit split sprang stole stuck stung stank or stunk strewed struck strove or strived swore swept swam swung took tore thrived or throve threw underwent understood upset woke or waked wore wove wept wound withdrew wrung wrote rung risen run sawed or sawn seen sought set sewn or sewed shaken shaved or shaven sheared or shorn shone or shined shown or showed shrunk or shrunken sung sunk slain slept slid sneaked or snuck spoken sped spilled or spilt spun spat or spit split sprung stolen stuck stung stunk strewn struck or stricken striven or strived sworn swept swum swung taken torn thrived or thriven thrown undergone understood upset woken or waked worn woven wept wound withdrawn wrung written #12. Write the required form of the underlined verb. The Seven Principal Parts of a Verb Present Present Participle Past Future Past Participle Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect Sail is/am/are sailing ing sailed ed will sail has/had sailed ed has/have sailed had sailed will have sailed Lift is/am/are lifting ing lifted ed will lift has/had lifted ed has/have lifted had lifted will have lifted Drink* is/am drinking drank will drink has/had drunk has/have drunk had drunk will have drunk Walk Throw * Make sure you know which verbs are irregular, and conjugate them accordingly. (See #11.) #13. Part A. Is the underlined verb active or passive? Part B. Re-write the sentence, changing active verbs to passive or passive to active. Active voice: A verb is in active voice when its action is performed by the subject. subject In other words, the subject is doing that action. Example: The car hit the tree. (Ask yourself…What is the subject? Car. Now ask…Did the car do the hitting? Yes. The subject is doing the action, therefore, it is active.) Passive voice: A verb is in passive voice when the action is performed on the subject. subject In other words, the subject is NOT doing that action. Example: The tree was hit by the car. (Ask yourself…What is the subject? Tree. Now ask…Did the tree do the hitting? No. The subject is NOT doing that action, therefore it is passive.) Note: A passive verb will ALWAYS include a be-verb: was hit, was purchased, etc. Note: In a passive sentence the actor of the verb will not always be named. If the actor is named, they will ALWAYS be the object of a preposition. Example: The building was constructed in 2009. - The actor is not named. The building was constructed (by BuildCo.) in 2009. - The actor is the object of the preposition “by” • Every sentence in the English language will be either passive or active. • Think of the subject and object as hinging (or rotating) around the verb: The store Kelly Was purchased Purchased by Kelly in 2009. Passive The store in 2009. Active #14. Identify the underlined pronoun(s) as demonstrative, interrogative, personal, intensive, reflexive, indefinite, relative or possessive. A pronoun is a word that can replace a noun or a pronoun. An antecedent is the noun or pronoun being replaced. Personal: a personal pronoun (a person) represents specific people and things. We use them depending on: • Number: singular (eg: I) or plural (eg: we) • Person: 1st person (eg: I), 2nd person (eg: you) or 3rd person (eg: he) • Gender: male (eg: he), female (eg: she) or neutral (eg: it) • Case: subject (eg: we) or object (eg: us) *We use personal pronouns to replace the person or people that we are talking about.* Possessive: a pronoun that shows ownership Examples: mine, hers, ours, its, his, yours Note: possessive pronouns do NOT have apostrophes. Demonstrative: A demonstrative pronoun (demonstrates) points out a person, place, thing, or idea. The demonstrative pronouns—this, that, these, those—are used alone in a sentence; never use here or there with a demonstrative pronoun. Examples: Singular: That is a circuit breaker. This is our emergency shelter. Plural: These are electrical appliances. Those are bottles of water. Interrogative: An interrogative pronoun (interrogates) is used to introduce a question. The interrogative pronouns are who, whom, what, which, and whose. Examples: Who used up all the water? Whose cup is this? (Watch out! Don’t confuse whose with who’s (who is)…) Reflexive: A reflexive pronoun (reflects) refers to the subject and directs the action of the verb back to the subject. They are necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Note: The sentence must have an antecedent in order to use a reflexive pronoun. Examples: The Carson family tried to lift themselves out of poverty. Ben Carson Carson dedicated himself to becoming a doctor. Intensive: An intensive pronoun (intensifies) emphasizes a noun or another pronoun within the same sentence. Intensive pronouns are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Examples: You yourself have overcome many hardships. Dr. Carson himself has survived great poverty. Indefinite: An indefinite pronoun (indefinite means unclear) does not refer to a specific person, place, thing, or idea. Indefinite pronouns often do not have antecedents. Examples: Nothing Nothing lasts forever. Anyone can make a time capsule. Relative: A relative pronoun (relates) is used to join clauses to make a complex sentence. Relative pronouns are used at the beginning of the subordinate (dependent) clause which gives some specific information about the main clause. Example: This is the house that Jack built. That house, which is brick, was built last year. A Few Common Pronouns for Each Category Intensive OR Reflexive Myself Yourself Herself Himself Itself Ourselves Yourselves Themselves Interrogative Demonstrative Indefinite Personal Possessive Relative Who Whom What Which Whose This That These Those Someone Anyone Each Several Many All Most I He We it them she they mine yours ours his hers their my That Who Whom Whose Which Where When None me Why #15. Identify the comma rule(s) being used in the sentence. Rule #1 To avoid confusion, use commas to separate words and word groups with a series of three or more. Example: J.C. brought apples, oranges, grapes, and bananas for us to eat on our picnic. Rule #2 Use a comma to separate two adjectives when the word and can be inserted. Example: Christopher gave his girlfriend four pretty, pink balloons. Rule #3 Use a comma when an –ly adjective is used with other adjectives. Example: The witch had an ugly, hairy wart in the middle of her nose. Rule #4 Use a comma before or surrounding the name or title of a person directly addressed. Example: Thank you, Doctor, for fixing my broken arm. Rule #5a Use a comma to separate the day of the month and the year and after the year. Example: December 31, 1983 is my birthday. Rule #5b If any of the date is omitted, leave out the comma. Example: December 31 is New Year’s Eve. Rule #6 Use a comma to separate the city from the state and after the state. If you use the two-letter capitalized form of a state, you do not need a comma after the state. Example: I was born in Waco, Texas. Rule #7 Use a comma to surround degrees or titles used with names. Commas are no longer required around Jr. and Sr. Commas never set off II, III, and so forth Example: Doogie Houser, M.D., was a great show in the 80s. Rule #8 Use commas to set off expressions that interrupt sentence flow. Example: My favorite TV show, as you can probably tell, is The Cosby Show. Rule #9 When starting a sentence with a weak clause (subordinate), use a comma after it. Conversely, do not use a comma when the sentence starts with a strong clause (independent) followed by a weak clause (subordinate). Example: After the magician performed the trick, the crowd cheered. Rule #10 Use a comma after phrases of three or more words that begin a sentence. If a phrase has fewer than three words, the comma is optional. Example: In the box under the bed, I found five books that I haven’t read. Rule #11 If something or someone is sufficiently identified, the description following it is considered non-essential and should be surrounded by commas. Example: Tony Romo, quarterback for the Cowboys, used to date Jessica Simpson. Rule #12 Use a comma to separate two strong clauses (independent) joined by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS). You can omit the comma if the clauses are both short. Example: The game will start at 7:00, and the dance will follow. Rule #13 Use a comma and coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS) to correct comma splices (run-on sentence only connected by a comma). Wrong: My parents went to the movies and they didn’t invite me! Right: My parents went to the movies , and they didn’t invite me! Rule #14 If the subject does not appear in front the second verb (in a sentence with two verbs), do not use a comma. Example: My parents went to the movies and didn’t invite me! Rule #15 Use a comma to introduce or interrupt direct quotes. Example: Jennifer exclaimed, “There’s a roach in my soup!” Rule #16 Use a comma when beginning sentences with introductory words such as well, now, or yes. Example: Yes, you may go to the restroom. Rule #17 Use commas surrounding words such as therefore and however when they are used as interrupters. Example: I was speeding to work, however, I was late because of all the stop lights. Rule #18 Use either a comma or a semicolon before introductory words such as namely, that is, i.e., for example, e.g., or for instance when they are followed by a series of items. Example: I like to listen to country, namely, Tim McGraw, Garth Brooks, and Shania Twain. #16. 16. Identify the underlined word(s) as predicate noun (PN), predicate pronoun (PPN), predicate adjective (PA), OR direct object (DO), or indirect object (IO). Follow these steps… • Find the verb and determine if it is an ACTION verb or a LINKING verb. For ACTION verbs: o (D.O.) Ask…verb + what? The answer is the direct object. For example: I gave Jennifer a gift. Ask: Gave what? A gift. Gift is the direct object. o (I.O.) If you have a direct object, then look for an indirect object. You may not have one, but if you do, it will always be located in between the verb and the direct object. Ask: verb + what + to/for whom? The answer is the indirect object. For example: I gave Jennifer a gift. Gave what? A gift. To/for whom? Jennifer. Jennifer is the indirect object. Jennifer answers the question to/for whom and is located in between the verb and direct object. (DO) She hit his car! - Hit what? A car. Car is the direct object. - This sentence has no indirect object. (IO) She lent Jimmy a DVD. - Lent what? A DVD. DVD is the direct object - Lent a DVD to/for whom? Jimmy. Jimmy is the indirect object. For LINKING verbs: Common linking verbs: be verbs, become, appear, seems, look, sound, feel, smell, taste, grow, remain, prove, stay o Ask…verb + what? The answer is a predicate object. For example: Martin is handsome. Ask: Is what? handsome. Handsome is the predicate object. o Now decide…is the predicate object a noun (PN), pronoun (PPN), or adjective (PA)? For example: Handsome is describing Martin (a noun) which makes it an adjective. Handsome, therefore, is a predicate adjective (PA). (PA). (PN) Martin is a teacher. “a teacher” is a predicate noun (PN). (PPN) This is he. “he” is a predicate pronoun (PPN). (PA) This is so boring! “boring” is a predicate predicate adjective (PA). #17. Write the appropriate word for the correct meaning of the sentence. COMMONLY MISUSED/CONFUSED WORDS: ACCEPT-to ACCEPT receive ex: He accepts defeat well. EXCEPT-to EXCEPT take or leave out ex: Please take all the books off the shelf except for the red one. AFFECT AFFECT-to CT influence ex: Lack of sleep affects the quality of your work. EFFECT-n., EFFECT result, v., to accomplish ex: The subtle effect of the lighting made the room look ominous. ex: Can the university effect such a change without disrupting classes? A LOT (two words)-many. ALOT (one word)-Not the correct form. ALLUSION-an ALLUSION indirect reference ex: The professor made an allusion to Virginia Woolf's work. ILLUSION-a ILLUSION false perception of reality ex: They saw a mirage: that is a type of illusion one sees in the desert. ALL READY-prepared READY ex: Dinner was all ready when the guests arrived. ALREADY-by ALREADY this time ex: The turkey was already burned when the guests arrived. ALTOGETHER-entirely ALTOGETHER ex: Altogether, I thought that the student's presentation was well planned. ALL TOGETHER TOGETHER-gathered, with everything in one HER place ex: We were all together at the family reunion last spring. APART-to APART be separated ex: The chain-link fence kept the angry dogs apart. OR My old car fell apart before we reached California. A PART-to PART be joined with ex: The new course was a part of the new field of study at the university. OR A part of this plan involves getting started at dawn.. BREATH-noun, air inhaled or exhaled BREATH ex: You could see his breath in the cold air. BREATHE-verb, to inhale or exhale BREATHE ex: If you don't breathe, then you are dead. BRINGBRING-when the speaker is requesting that an item be transported to him or her. ex: Will you bring me that book? TAKETAKE-when the speaker is describing an time moving away from him, with him, or between two other places. ex: I am taking chips to the party. CAPITAL-seat of government. Also financial resources. CAPITAL ex: The capital of Virginia is Richmond. ex: The firm had enough capital to build the new plant. CAPITOL-the actual building in which the legislative CAPITOL body meets ex: The governor announced his resignation in a speech given at the capitol today. CITE-to CITE quote or document ex: I cited ten quotes from the same author in my paper. SIGHT-vision SIGHT ex: The sight of the American flag arouses different emotions in different parts of the world. SITE-position or place SITE ex: The new office building was built on the site of a cemetery. COMPLEMENT-noun, something that completes; verb, COMPLEMENT to complete ex: A nice dry white wine complements a seafood entree. COMPLIMENT-noun, praise; verb, to praise COMPLIMENT ex: The professor complimented Betty on her proper use of a comma. CONSCIENCE-sense of right and wrong CONSCIENCE ex: The student's conscience kept him from cheating on the exam. CONSCIOUS-awake CONSCIOUS ex: I was conscious when the burglar entered the house. COUNCIL COUNCIL-a CIL group that consults or advises ex: The men and women on the council voted in favor of an outdoor concert in their town. COUNSEL-to COUNSEL advise ex: The parole officer counseled the convict before he was released. LEAD-noun, a type of metal LEAD ex: Is that pipe made of lead? LED-verb, past tense of the verb "to lead" LED ex: She led the campers on an over-night hike. LIE-to LIE lie down (a person or animal. hint: people can tell lies) ex: I have a headache, so I'm going to lie down for a while. (also lying, lay, has/have lain--The dog has lain in the shade all day; yesterday, the dog lay there for twelve hours). LAY-to LAY lay an object down. ex: "Lay down that shotgun, Pappy!" The sheriff demanded of the crazed moonshiner. ex: The town lay at the foot of the mountain. (also laying, laid, has/have laid--At that point, Pappy laid the shotgun on the ground). LOSE--verb, to misplace or not win LOSE ex: Mom glared at Mikey. "If you lose that new lunchbox, don't even think of coming home!" LOOSE--adjective, to not be tight; verb (rarely used)--to LOOSE release ex: The burglar's pants were so loose that he was sure to lose the race with the cop chasing him. ex: While awaiting trial, he was never set loose from jail because no one would post his bail. PASSED-verb, past tense of "to pass," to have moved PASSED ex: The tornado passed through the city quickly, but it caused great damage. PAST-belonging to a former time or place PAST ex: Who was the past president of Microsquish Computers? ex: Go past the fire station and turn right. PRECEDE-to PRECEDE come before STATIONARY-standing still STATIONARY ex: The accident was my fault because I ran into a stationary object. STATIONERY-writing paper STATIONERY ex: My mother bought me stationery that was on recycled paper. THAN-use with comparisons THAN ex: I would rather go out to eat than eat at the dining hall. THEN-at THEN that time, or next ex: I studied for my exam for seven hours, and then I went to bed. THEIR-possessive form of they THEIR ex: Their house is at the end of the block. THERE-indicates location (hint: think of "here and THERE there") ex: There goes my chance of winning the lottery! THEY'RE-contraction for "they are" THEY'RE ex: They're in Europe for the summer--again! THROUGH-by THROUGH means of; finished; into or out of ex: He plowed right through the other team's defensive line. THREW-past tense of throw THREW ex: She threw away his love love letters. THOROUGH-careful or complete THOROUGH ex: John thoroughly cleaned his room; there was not even a speck of dust when he finished. THOUGH-however; nevertheless THOUGH ex: He's really a sweetheart though he looks tough on the outside. THRUTHRU abbreviated slang for through; not appropriate ex: Pre-writing precedes the rough draft of good papers. PROCEED-to PROCEED go forward ex: He proceeded to pass back the failing grades on the exam. PRINCIPAL-adjective, most important; noun, a person PRINCIPAL who has authority ex: The principal ingredient in chocolate chip cookies is chocolate chips. ex: The principal of the school does the announcements each morning. PRINCIPLE-a PRINCIPLE general or fundamental truth ex: The study was based on the principle of gravity. TO-toward TO ex: I went to the University of Richmond. TOO-also, or excessively TOO ex: Mr. Dye is way too exited about grammar. TWO-a TWO number ex: Only two students did not turn in the assignment. WHICH-pronoun, WHICH replacing a singular or plural thing(s);not used to refer to persons ex: Which section of history did you get into? THAT-used to refer to things or a group or class of THAT people ex: I lost the book that I bought last week. QUOTE-verb, to cite QUOTE ex: I would like to quote Dickens in my next paper. QUOTATION-noun, the act of citing QUOTATION ex: The book of famous quotations inspired us all. WHO-pronoun, WHO referring to a person or persons ex: Jane wondered how Jack, who is so smart, could be having difficulties in Calculus. WHO-used as a subject or as a subject complement (see WHO above) ex: John is the man who can get the job done. WHOM-used as an object WHOM ex: Whom did Sarah choose as her replacement? #18. Re-write the phrase to show the correct possessive form. Possession Rules: • Add ’s to the singular form of the word (even if it ends in –s). o The owner’s car o The house’s roof • Add ’s to the plural forms that do not end in –s. o The children’s game o The geese’s honking • Add ’ to the end of plural nouns that end in –s. o Two cats’ toys o The three friends’ letters • Add ’s to the end of compound words. o My brother-in-law’s money o The bride-to-be’s ring • Add ’s to the last noun to show joint possession of an object. o Todd and Anne’s apartment o Bonnie and Clyde’s famous car Examples: The dog of my aunt = my aunt’s dog The ring of my sister-in-law = my sister-in-law’s ring The tickets of Mike and Joe = Mike and Joe’s tickets the pool of Tom and Terry = ___________________________________ the mistake of the mice = ______________________________________ the CD of the teacher = ________________________________________ #19. Is the underlined clause restrictive or non-restrictive? Nonrestrictive: An adjective clause that can be omitted from a sentence without affecting the basic meaning of the sentence should be set off by commas. - think of this type of clause as extra information which is not necessarily needed. Example: My nephew,, who is obsessed with Star Wars, Wars, says the funniest things. The car,, which is black, black, took me all the way to Dallas and back with one tank! Note: Nonrestrictive clauses will always begin with “who” or “which.” Restrictive: An adjective clause that cannot be omitted from a sentence without affecting the basic meaning of the sentence should not be set off by commas. - Think of this type of clause as identifying the noun it describes out of any other such nouns. Example: An older person who dresses like a teenager is often an object of ridicule or pity. The car that is black was the one that hit me! Note: Nonrestrictive clauses will always begin with “who” or “that.” Restrictive and Nonrestrictive clauses might look very similar but will have completely different implications to the meaning of the sentence. “We approved all of the invoices, which were fewer than 60 days old. old.” In this sentence, they approved all of the invoices, and all of the invoices were fewer than 60 days old. “We approved all of the invoices that were fewer than 60 days old. old.” In this sentence, ONLY the invoices fewer than 60 days old were approved, and some of them were more than 60 days old. For each sentence below, decide if the adjective clause (in bold) is restrictive (R) or nonrestrictive (NR). Please note: Commas have been omitted in all sentences. Students who have young children are invited to use the free daycare center. I left my son at the campus daycare center which is free to all fullfull-time students. students John Wayne who appeared in over 200 movies was the biggest box-office attraction of his time. I refuse to live in any house that Jack built. built The thing that impresses me the most about America is the way parents obey their children. #20. Identify the mood of the underlined verb as indicative, subjunctive, or imperative? English verbs have three moods: indicative, imperative, and subjunctive. Indicative Mood: expresses an assertion, denial, or question: Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas. Ostriches cannot fly. Have you finished your homework? Imperative Mood: expresses command, prohibition, entreaty, or advice. Their subject is the understood “you.” Don’t smoke in this building. Be careful! Don’t drown that puppy! Subjunctive Mood: expresses doubt or something contrary to fact. It is most often found in a clause beginning with the word if. It is also found in clauses following a verb that expresses a doubt, a wish, regret, request, demand, or proposal. These are verbs typically followed by clauses that take the subjunctive: ask, demand, determine, insist, move, order, pray, prefer, recommend, regret, request, require, suggest, and wish. It is not certain whether any of these requests, suggestions, etc. will actually occur In English there is no difference between the subjunctive and indicative, form of the verb with two exceptions: EXCEPTIONS: - The present tense third person singular The subjunctive for the present tense third person singular drops the -s or -es so that it looks and sounds like the present tense for everything else. --------Incorrect: He recommended that each driver reports his tips. --------Correct: He recommended that each driver report his tips. - The verb “to be” The subjunctive mood of the verb “to to be” be” were” be” is “be be” in the present tense and “were were” in the past tense, regardless of what the subject is. Incorrect: If I was you, I would run. Correct: If I were you, I would run. (The verb follows if and expresses a non-factual condition.) Incorrect: I wish he was able to type faster. Correct: I wish he were able to type faster. (The second verb is in a clause following a verb expressing a wish. It also suggests a non-factual or doubtful condition.) Incorrect: His requirement is that everyone is computer literate. Correct: His requirement is that everyone be computer literate. (Subordinate clause follows main clause with a demand.)