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Semester Exam I 2016-2017
Review
Define the following words:
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a stable internal environment.
Cellular Respiration
Process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy
Photosynthesis
The process by which plants, some bacteria and some protists, use the energy from sunlight to create sugar.
Active Transport
A method of maintaining homeostasis that involves the movement of particles from an area with a low concentration to
a high concentration, with the use of energy.
Passive Transport
A method of maintaining homeostasis that involves the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an
area of low concentration, without the use of energy.
Endocytosis
A type of active transport in which a cell pulls particles into the cell using the cell membrane.
Exocytosis
A type of active transport by which a cell eliminates wastes and expels important molecules.
Organic Compound
a compound, used by cells, that contains carbon and other elements such as hydrogen and oxygen
Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion is a type of
passive transport.
Osmosis
A type of diffusion in which movement of water and other particles occurs through a semi-permeable membrane.
Osmosis is a type of passive transport.
What is the result of homeostasis at the cellular level?
The environment within the cell remains stable (balanced).
Describe the process of photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis occurs in plants, in their leaves. The leaves contain the chloroplasts. The chloroplasts take in Carbon
Dioxide, Water, and Sunlight and synthesize it to make Sugar (Glucose) and Oxygen.
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight = C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6O2
Describe the process of cellular respiration.
Cellular Respiration occurs in the mitochondria. Sugar is broken down and energy is released. The energy that is
produced is called ATP and it powers many of the reactions that allow a cell to survive.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + chemical energy (ATP)
Examples of homeostasis at the cellular level.
Divide (make new cells)
Get energy
Eliminate wastes
Transport materials
Examples of an organism trying to maintain homeostasis.
A person shivering
A person sweating
A bear hibernating
A tree losing its leaves in the fall
A lizard laying out on a rock
List and describe the four organic compounds that are necessary for cells to function.
Carbohydrate: sugars, starches, and fiber found in fruits, grains, vegetables, and milk
Lipids: Fats, oils, waxes and phospholipids
Proteins: a large organic molecule that contains smaller molecules called amino acids
Nucleic Acid: an organic compound that determines the genetic traits of an organism. Smaller molecules are called
nucleotides.
List the levels of organization and an example from plants and animals.
Level of Organization
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Animal
Red blood cell, white blood cell,
nerve cell
Muscle, connective, nervous,
epithelial
Eye
Digestive, circulatory, nervous,
etc.
Human, dog, ape, etc.
Plant
Parenchyma, Collenchyma,
water conducting cells
Ground, protective, transport
Leaves, root, stem
Root and vascular
Flower
Label the following parts of the animal cell on this diagram: cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondrion,
cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, ribosomes, DNA and
centriole.
Label the following parts of the plant cell on this diagram: cell wall, chloroplast, cell membrane,
nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, chloroplast, and vacuole
C Cell Membran
What are the 4 parts of cell theory?
a. All living things are made of cells
b. All cells come from existing cells
c. Cells are the basic unit of life
d. Cells in multicellular organisms have specific jobs
List the functions that are performed by every cell.
a. Receive nutrients
b. Exchange carbon dioxide and
c. Have waste products taken away
The process that converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy that is stored in plant cells
__Photosynthesis________________________________.
Write the functions of the following organelles:
Cell membrane: controls movement of materials in or out of the cell
Cell wall: support and protect
Nucleus: contains genetic material; controls all cell activities
Cytoplasm: gel-like substance that supports and protects
Mitochondrion: breaks down sugar to release energy
Chloroplast: uses energy from the sum (photosynthesis) to make food and oxygen
Vacuole: stores large amounts of food and water in plant cells
List and describe the types of tissue found in plants.
Ground- provides internal support, storage, absorbs light energy to make food in photosynthesis
Protective- protects the outside of the plant
Transport-moves water and nutrients throughout the plant
List and describe the types of tissue found in animals.
Nervous- functions as messaging system within the body
Connective-holds parts of the body together and provides support and nourishment to organs
Muscle-helps produce movement
Epithelial-is protective and forms boundaries such as skin
Define the following terms:
Homozygous genotype
A genotype in which the letters are both capital or both lower case. Ex. TT or tt
Heterozygous genotype
A genotype in which the letters have one capital and one lower case. Ex. Tt
Chromosome
A threadlike structure, found in the nucleus, that is composed of tightly coiled DNA strands
Gene
Segments of DNA that are found in chromosomes that control traits
Dominant
A trait that will show up in the phenotype any time a capital letter exists in the genotype (TT, Tt)
Recessive
A trait that will only show up in the phenotype if two recessive traits exist in the genotype (tt)
Heredity
The passing of genetic material from parents to offspring
Genotype
The combination of genes for one or more specific traits
Phenotype
How the trait shows out in the organism. The physical appearance of the trait.
Traits
Physical characteristics that an organism can pass to its offspring
What is the benefit of Sexual Reproduction in an ecosystem?
The offspring are better able to survive changes to the environment due to genetic variety
Describe asexual reproduction and give examples.
One parent passes its DNA to the offspring. This can happen through budding, binary fission, vegetative
reproduction, or spores. The offspring are identical and have the same DNA as the parent
Diversity = Sexual Reproduction
Uniform = Asexual Reproduction
Describe the functions of the following body systems
Circulatory System transport red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma throughout the body in veins,
arteries, and capillaries
Endocrine System produce hormones to help the body maintain homeostasis by controlling heart rate,
metabolism, and growth of bones, teeth, and your brain.
Excretory System regulate the amount of water that you have in your body and to help your body remove waste
Digestive System break down foods so that your body can use it. It breaks down food to the molecues that the
cells need to perform their functions.
Skeletal System gives your body shape and protects your organs
Reproductive System helps maintain the population which, in turn, results in the survival of the species
Respiratory System supplies the blood with oxygen and rids the body of carbon dioxide.
Integumentary System protect the body, help dispose of wastes, act as a barrier, act as a receptor for touch,
pressure, pain, heat and cold and store water and fat
Muscular System provide movement to the body
Nervous System controls how messages are sent to and from the brain