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Transcript
Semester Exam I 2016-2017 Review Define the following words: Homeostasis The maintenance of a stable internal environment. Cellular Respiration Process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy Photosynthesis The process by which plants, some bacteria and some protists, use the energy from sunlight to create sugar. Active Transport A method of maintaining homeostasis that involves the movement of particles from an area with a low concentration to a high concentration, with the use of energy. Passive Transport A method of maintaining homeostasis that involves the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, without the use of energy. Endocytosis A type of active transport in which a cell pulls particles into the cell using the cell membrane. Exocytosis A type of active transport by which a cell eliminates wastes and expels important molecules. Organic Compound a compound, used by cells, that contains carbon and other elements such as hydrogen and oxygen Diffusion The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion is a type of passive transport. Osmosis A type of diffusion in which movement of water and other particles occurs through a semi-permeable membrane. Osmosis is a type of passive transport. What is the result of homeostasis at the cellular level? The environment within the cell remains stable (balanced). Describe the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs in plants, in their leaves. The leaves contain the chloroplasts. The chloroplasts take in Carbon Dioxide, Water, and Sunlight and synthesize it to make Sugar (Glucose) and Oxygen. 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight = C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6O2 Describe the process of cellular respiration. Cellular Respiration occurs in the mitochondria. Sugar is broken down and energy is released. The energy that is produced is called ATP and it powers many of the reactions that allow a cell to survive. C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + chemical energy (ATP) Examples of homeostasis at the cellular level. Divide (make new cells) Get energy Eliminate wastes Transport materials Examples of an organism trying to maintain homeostasis. A person shivering A person sweating A bear hibernating A tree losing its leaves in the fall A lizard laying out on a rock List and describe the four organic compounds that are necessary for cells to function. Carbohydrate: sugars, starches, and fiber found in fruits, grains, vegetables, and milk Lipids: Fats, oils, waxes and phospholipids Proteins: a large organic molecule that contains smaller molecules called amino acids Nucleic Acid: an organic compound that determines the genetic traits of an organism. Smaller molecules are called nucleotides. List the levels of organization and an example from plants and animals. Level of Organization Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Animal Red blood cell, white blood cell, nerve cell Muscle, connective, nervous, epithelial Eye Digestive, circulatory, nervous, etc. Human, dog, ape, etc. Plant Parenchyma, Collenchyma, water conducting cells Ground, protective, transport Leaves, root, stem Root and vascular Flower Label the following parts of the animal cell on this diagram: cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondrion, cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, ribosomes, DNA and centriole. Label the following parts of the plant cell on this diagram: cell wall, chloroplast, cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondrion, chloroplast, and vacuole C Cell Membran What are the 4 parts of cell theory? a. All living things are made of cells b. All cells come from existing cells c. Cells are the basic unit of life d. Cells in multicellular organisms have specific jobs List the functions that are performed by every cell. a. Receive nutrients b. Exchange carbon dioxide and c. Have waste products taken away The process that converts light energy from the sun into chemical energy that is stored in plant cells __Photosynthesis________________________________. Write the functions of the following organelles: Cell membrane: controls movement of materials in or out of the cell Cell wall: support and protect Nucleus: contains genetic material; controls all cell activities Cytoplasm: gel-like substance that supports and protects Mitochondrion: breaks down sugar to release energy Chloroplast: uses energy from the sum (photosynthesis) to make food and oxygen Vacuole: stores large amounts of food and water in plant cells List and describe the types of tissue found in plants. Ground- provides internal support, storage, absorbs light energy to make food in photosynthesis Protective- protects the outside of the plant Transport-moves water and nutrients throughout the plant List and describe the types of tissue found in animals. Nervous- functions as messaging system within the body Connective-holds parts of the body together and provides support and nourishment to organs Muscle-helps produce movement Epithelial-is protective and forms boundaries such as skin Define the following terms: Homozygous genotype A genotype in which the letters are both capital or both lower case. Ex. TT or tt Heterozygous genotype A genotype in which the letters have one capital and one lower case. Ex. Tt Chromosome A threadlike structure, found in the nucleus, that is composed of tightly coiled DNA strands Gene Segments of DNA that are found in chromosomes that control traits Dominant A trait that will show up in the phenotype any time a capital letter exists in the genotype (TT, Tt) Recessive A trait that will only show up in the phenotype if two recessive traits exist in the genotype (tt) Heredity The passing of genetic material from parents to offspring Genotype The combination of genes for one or more specific traits Phenotype How the trait shows out in the organism. The physical appearance of the trait. Traits Physical characteristics that an organism can pass to its offspring What is the benefit of Sexual Reproduction in an ecosystem? The offspring are better able to survive changes to the environment due to genetic variety Describe asexual reproduction and give examples. One parent passes its DNA to the offspring. This can happen through budding, binary fission, vegetative reproduction, or spores. The offspring are identical and have the same DNA as the parent Diversity = Sexual Reproduction Uniform = Asexual Reproduction Describe the functions of the following body systems Circulatory System transport red blood cells, white blood cells, and plasma throughout the body in veins, arteries, and capillaries Endocrine System produce hormones to help the body maintain homeostasis by controlling heart rate, metabolism, and growth of bones, teeth, and your brain. Excretory System regulate the amount of water that you have in your body and to help your body remove waste Digestive System break down foods so that your body can use it. It breaks down food to the molecues that the cells need to perform their functions. Skeletal System gives your body shape and protects your organs Reproductive System helps maintain the population which, in turn, results in the survival of the species Respiratory System supplies the blood with oxygen and rids the body of carbon dioxide. Integumentary System protect the body, help dispose of wastes, act as a barrier, act as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat and cold and store water and fat Muscular System provide movement to the body Nervous System controls how messages are sent to and from the brain