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Range and dispersal General Ecology, factors, biomes Interactions lead to organism and population range limits and dispersal limits. Both biotic and abiotic factors can ‘limit’ or define these. Case: mussels in the intertidal Case: Mazzaella parksii: a red intertidal alga. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Community structure Figure 3.23 Species tolerance • Law of tolerance: the existence, abundance and distribution of a species in an ecosystem are (largely) determined by whether the levels of one or more factors (abiotic) falls within the range of tolerance • Tolerance to abiotic and biotic factors in part determines the range/distribution 3-13 Tolerance Cont. • Acclimation: animal or plant is able to adjust to changes. – Some examples? • Threshold effect:builds up with little response until sudden inability to cope – Some examples? Tolerance Cont. • Physiological responses • Morphological responses • Behavioral responses • Community boundaries? • Short term and long term 1 Abiotic factors are important in determining ecosystem structure • Living things have tolerance limits to abiotic factors such as…? Range explanations Species Interactions (Biotic): Interspecific and Intraspecific • Competition • Predation • Symbiosis Behavioral responses • A species never dispersed beyond its present boundaries • Pioneers failed to survive • Range has been reduced over evolutionary time • Pioneers became isolated/separated: phylogeography Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Tolerance limits Figure 3.2 Adaptation by the process of Natural Selection •Survival and differential reproductive success over a period of time •Traits that increase ‘fitness’ are ‘selected for’, and are passed on through generations 3-1 2 Figure 50.2 Patterns of distribution in the biosphere Number of individuals In tundra habitats above timberline, the alpine skypilot is pollinated primarily by bumblebees. 28 24 20 16 12 8 4 0 Number of individuals 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Tundra flower: Flower size (mm) big and sweet-smelling In forested habitats below timberline, the alpine skypilot is pollinated primarily by flies. 10 8 6 4 2 0 Below-timberline flower: small and skunky-smelling 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Flower size (mm) Biomes Biomes • • • • • Animals and plants have narrow ranges of tolerance to abiotic factors What defines a biome? Where are the ‘lines’ drawn? What are the major controlling factors? What about aquatic ‘biomes’ Figure 50.3 A climograph for some major kinds of ecosystems (biomes) in North America • This in part determines the biotic components of biomes. These are broad geographic regions determined by temperature and rainfall, and described by their plant communities Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. World biome map Figure 5.3 5-1 3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Figure 50.4 Solar radiation and latitude Biome climate graphs Figure 5.4 5-2 Figure 50.5 The cause of the seasons Figure 50.6a Global air circulation, precipitation, and winds Figure 50.6b Global air circulation, precipitation, and winds Figure 50.7 Rain shadows 4 Figure 50.8 Lake stratification and seasonal turnover Global winds Figure 50.8 Lake stratification and seasonal turnover Aquatic Biomes • • • • • • • Temperature Currents Nutrients Salinity Oxygen Depth Sunlight •Oligotrophic •Eutrophic •Turnover rate • Physical as well as chemical boundaries Figure 50.9 The distribution of major aquatic biomes Figure 50.13 Zonation in the marine environment 5 Sea surface temperature Currents Biomes • • • • What defines a biome? Where are the ‘lines’ drawn? What are the major controlling factors? What about aquatic ‘biomes’ Some Key Points • Animals interact with biotic and abiotic factors in ways which shape their survival and distributions • Biomes are delineated by abiotic factors, but biotic factors play a role too. • Biomes are described by plant communities which are ‘controlled’ by temperature and precipitation • Oceans are different: currents and salinity/oxygen distribution have a major impact - productivity • Organisms have tolerance ranges to abiotic factors - both long term and short term effects. 6