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Transcript
PACKET 2: BIOCHEMISTRY (The Chemistry of Life) Bio.4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms. Bio.4.1.1 Compare the structures and functions of the major biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) as related to the survival of living organisms. Bio.4.1.3 Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions Bio.1.2 Analyze the cell as a living system. Bio.1.2.1 Explain how homeostasis is maintained in a cell and within an organism in various environments (including temperature and pH). Vocabulary Organic compounds o inorganic compounds o monomer o polymer o dehydration synthesis o hydrolysis Carbohydrates o Monosaccharide/simple sugars o glucose o benedicts solution (test) o polysaccharide/ complex carbohydrates o cellulose o glycogen o starch o iodine (test) Proteins o amino acids o polypeptide o peptide bond o insulin o biuret’s (test) o Enzymes substrate product active site activation energy Lipids o fatty acids o glycerol o triglycerides Nucleic Acids o DNA o RNA o nucleotides pH o o o o acid base neutral buffer Organization of Life: _____________________* combine together to make _____________________* combine together to make _____________________ combine together to make _____________________ may combine together to make _____________________ may combine together to make _____________________ may combine together to make _____________________ may combine together to make _____________________ may combine together to make ______________________ From Simple to Complex: The Building Blocks of Life ____________________________Compounds –contain the element carbon and hydrogen. ____________________________Compounds – do not contain the carbon and hydrogen together*. * Is carbon dioxide (CO2) organic or inorganic? ___________________________ The four most abundant elements in living things are ___________________, __________________, _________________ and _______________________ (HONC). F13 1. ____________________________ – such as plants are able to make their own organic compounds from inorganic compounds through photosynthesis (the chemical equation is seen below). Carbon Dioxide + Water + Solar Energy 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Solar energy __________ __________ Glucose + Oxygen C6H12O6 + 6 O2 __________ __________ So today, almost all organic compounds are formed biotically (by __________________ things), then the question became – how did the first organic compounds form? Miller and Urey Experiment to answer how first organic compounds formed: Step 2 _____________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ ____________ Step 1 __________________ _____________________ _____________________ ________ Step 3 _________________________ ____________________________ Miller & Urey’s experiment provides support for the idea that conditions on lifeless, ‘primordial’ ____________________________ Earth could have ________allowed the spontaneous formation of more complex (organic) molecules. Since the conditions on earth are now very different, we do not see the same reactions occurring. Important Terms to know: ____________________: A single compound or building block used to make a larger compound. __________________: Many monomers joined together to form a large compound ____________________________ ____________________________: The process of combining small compounds to form large compounds and water molecules. (Also known as Condensation Reaction) H+ OH- + H+ OH- = H+ OH- + H2O _________________________________: Breaking down a larger compound (polymers) into smaller pieces (monomers)… Enzymes and water are needed to break the polymer down. H+ F13 OH- + H2O = H+ OH- + H+ OH- 2. 4 Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Monomers - _____________________ Example: ______________ Polymers - ______________________ Lipids Monomers - _______________________ Polymers - __________________________________ Examples: ______________________ - such as cholesterol that makes hormones and parts of cells Examples: ______________________ - in plant cell walls ______________________ - make up the cell membrane _____________________ - how plants store extra carbs ____________________ - how animals store extra carbs Functions ____________________________________________ Foods include: ________________________________________ Indicator test: Functions _____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ Foods include: ________________________________________ Indicator test:______________________, Positive color is Sugar - ____________________, Positive color is ____________ a ________________________ Starch - ___________________, Positive color is _____________ Proteins Monomers - _______________________ Polymers - ________________________ Functions / Examples – ________________________________ - absorb extra sugar from blood _____________________________ - on red blood cells, carries oxygen __________________________ Nucleic Acids Monomers - _______________________ Polymers - __________________________________ Functions _____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ _________________________________ - help with chemical reactions Foods include: ________________________________________ Indicator test: ____________________, Positive color is ____________ F13 3. The Chemistry of Life…Organic Compounds Complete the table by placing a check in the correct column for each description Description 1. Made up of nucleotides 2. Most consist of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule 3. Quick source of energy 4. DNA and RNA 5. Contain peptide bonds 6. Directs the production of proteins 7. Commonly called fats and oils 8. Subunits or building blocks are simple sugars 9. Made up of amino acids Carbs Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids 10. Used for long-term energy storage, insulation & protective coatings 11. Help carry out chemical reactions 12. Important parts of biological membranes (makes up most of the membrane) 13. Transport substances in and out of cells 14. Store & transmit hereditary information 15. ____________________ is how plants store excess sugar and animals store excess sugar as ___________________ . Both are complex carbs. 16. This is a protein in red blood cells _______________________. 17. A protein that can change the rate of a reaction is an _____________________. 18. Triglyceride is lipid made up of a glycerol molecule and ________(#) _____________________________. 19. The monomers that make up nucleic acids are known as __________________________________. 20. The two basic kinds of nucleic acids are _______________________ and ______________________. 21. If you see a word end in –ose (Ex: glucose, sucrose) then think _________________. If the word ends in –ase (Ex: cellulase, amylase) then think _______________________. F13 4. Organic Compound Concept Map Organic Compounds 1. Must contain Hydrogen 2. And usually contain 3. 4. Some also contain phosphorus Consist of 10. 8. 12. Carbohydrates Are made of Can be 11. 6. Stores genetic information in the form of 7. Monosaccharides Are linked by Such as 5. Peptide Bonds Such as Sucrose and Lactose Starch, Cellulose & Glycogen 13. 14. Are made of 9. Fatty Acids F13 5. Label the lines: Without enzyme With enzyme Enzymes A special type of ________________________ Function - to _____________________________ a chemical reaction by How do you know? _______________________ the energy needed to start the reaction (__________________________________________) Enzymes are _________________ since they only work on one type of substrate. Enzymes are ____________________ since they can be used over and over. Enzymes are affected by _______________ and ______________________. Their _________________ changes so they can no longer fit with the substrate. When the shape changes an enzyme has been ___________________________. Equation for a chemical reaction (_____________________________): _________ 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light ___________________ C6H12O6 + 6 O2 _________________ pH ___________________ help maintain homeostasis by minimizing changes in ________. Most body systems function optimally at a pH of near _______. As the pH changes ___________________ may stop working, nerve and muscle activity weakens, and finally all chemical reactions are affected. F13 6.