Download Rome- Etruscans to Punic Wars

Rome:
Etruscans-Punic Wars
Rome
ROME
Macedon
Macedon
Persia
Persia
Carthage
Carthage
Egypt
Egypt
Geography
How was geographic location important to
ancient Rome’s political, social, and
economic development?
– Far away from eastern powers & empires
– On Italian peninsula, with few geographic
neighbors/enemies
– The Alps: mountains provided natural
protection
– Mediterranean Sea: gave protection &
allowed trade
Ancient Italy
(c. 6th century B.C.)
Etruscans
(900-500 BC)
Lived in northern parts of Italy
Used alphabet similar to Greeks, but no one has
been able to fully understand their language
Created extravagant art
Wall paintings showing how people lived
Probably had a class system:
– Wealthy overlords at the top
– Priests
– Slaves made of those taken over by Etruscans
Eventually lower class people revolted---one
group the Latins in Rome become very
successful
Rise of Rome
Roman legend of how the Latins created
Rome:
– 2 bros. Romulus & Remes fought over who
would control the city they were building
– Romulus wins & named it after himself
(Rome)
Real beginning of Rome:
– Between 800 & 700 BC, the Latins “the first
Romans” created many villages around what
would be Rome
– Villages eventually decided to form one
community, thus creating Rome
600s BC: Etruscans kings ruled over the
Latins in Rome
– Etruscans did some good things for the
Latins:
Taught the Latins how to build with brick & tile
Drained marshes to create farmland & get rid of
mosquitoes
Created a Forum in the center of the city—a
square where all Roman government & law was
located
Hypothetical reconstruction of Roman Forum in Imperial times.
Watercolor (18th century), Giuseppe Becchetti
Etruscan alphabet adopted by the Romans
Etruscan pottery depicting Odysseus & his men
fighting Cyclops
Etruscan architectural plans (ca. 510 BC)
The Roman Republic (509 BC – 27 BC)
509 BC: Latins/Romans rejected Etruscan
king (monarchy) and established a
republic.
– Power rests with the citizens who have the
right to vote for their leaders.
– In Rome, citizenship with voting rights was
granted only to free-born male citizens.
The Roman Republic (509 BC – 27 BC)
STRUGGLE FOR POWER: CLASS CONFLICT
Patricians- wealthy landowners who held
most of the power: inherited power and
social status
Plebeians- (Plebs) common farmers,
artisans and merchants who made up the
majority of the population: can vote, but
can’t rule
When the patricians set up the Roman
Republic, they created 2 branches of
govt.:
– Executive Branch (Consuls)
Consuls were 2 patrician officials elected for 1 yr.
terms who ran the day-to-day affairs of the city
They both had to agree on a decision before acting
on it
Only one person had veto power over the
consuls—this was a dictator who was appointed
briefly in times of crisis
– Legislative Branch (Assembly of Centuries &
the Senate)
Both were controlled by the patricians
Plebeians vs. Patricians
Plebs were very upset because they had
no power or representation in government
– 494 BC: plebeians went on strike, refusing to
serve in the military
Without the plebeians=no Roman military or
workforce
The patricians give in to some of the Plebs’
demands
– Tribunes (Plebeian representatives) would be elected by
the Assembly of Tribes & could veto any government
decision
Roman laws had never been written down.
The Plebeians want them to be written down to ensure
that justice was being applied fairly.
THE TWELVE TABLES
451 BC: officials carved Roman laws on twelve bronze
tablets and hung in Forum.
Laws confirm right of all free citizens to protection of the
law.
Become the basis for later Roman law.
287 BC: The Assembly of Tribes given the right to make
laws for the city—this move made Rome into a true
democracy (government by the people)
Roman Religion
Roman Republic lasted nearly 500 years
During this time, it was heavily influenced
by Greek culture
The Romans adopted Greek gods and
mixed in their own ancient gods
Romans renamed Greek gods:
– Jupiter: same role as Greek god Zeus
– Juno: (Greek Hera) queen of the gods &
protector of Roman state
– Diana: (Greek Artemis) goddess of the earth
& hunters
– Minerva: (Greek Athena) goddess of wisdom
& war
– Venus: (Greek Aphrodite) goddess of love
Expansion & Crisis
The city always faced threats from other
people in Italy.
As a way of protecting the city, Romans
took over other cities or forced others to
ally with Rome.
By 264 BC, the city had taken over the
Italian Peninsula.
Roman Legions:
– The 1st Roman armies used phalanxes, but
they were too large & slow
– Troops were reorganized into legions
– Legion=6,000 troops that were broken down
into small units of 60-120 soldiers
– They were skilled, disciplined soldiers who
treated their enemies well
Most places were allowed to keep their local
governments if they vowed to help Rome in future
wars.
Romans also created military colonies
throughout Italy
– These military settlements were serve as
defense from future attacks
– To link the colonies, roads are built
– Roman roads were very well constructed &
also used for trade
Rome vs. Carthage
Carthage: wealthy trading city located in
northern Africa
300 BC: Carthage takes over part of
Spanish coast and most of Sicily
Rome doesn’t like emerging power, so
they set out to stop Carthage in the Punic
Wars (264-146 BC).
1st Punic War (264 BC-241 BC)
Carthage trying to take over the Strait of
Messina
This brings the Carthaginians close to
Rome, so Rome sends forces to stop
them.
Carthage had a strong navy; Rome had a
strong army.
– In order to win, Rome had to come up with
new tactics.
– Romans threw grappling hooks onto
Carthaginian ships, boarded the ships, &
fought to the death.
Carthage gives up its holdings in Sicily.
2nd Punic War (218 BC-202 BC)
Carthage wants revenge.
New Carthaginian general who is only 25
years old- Hannibal
218 BC- Hannibal takes Roman city in
Spain
Hannibal, an army of 40,000, & 40
elephants attempt to invade Rome by
passing through the Alps.
– ½ his men die
– Nearly all the elephants die
As a way to defeat Hannibal, General
Publius Scipio raises volunteer legions.
– They attack the city of Carthage
– This causes Hannibal to leave Italy to defend
Carthage
202 BC: Scipio’s volunteers defeat
Hannibal at Zama & Carthage gives up all
their land in Spain
3rd Punic War (149 BC-146 BC)
After 2nd war, 50 years of peace
149 BC: Carthage lost fight against one of
Rome’s allies
– Rome used this as a reason for war
– Roman soldiers invaded Carthage
Burned the city to the ground
Made Carthaginians into slaves
Put salt into the soil so no crops would grow
ROME FINALLY ENDS THE THREAT OF
CARTHAGE!!!!!
Following its victory over Carthage, Rome
dominated the Mediterranean basin for
100 years. This contributed to the spread
of Roman culture throughout the area.
Roman Republic in Crisis
Between 230 and 202 BC—Rome had
taken over most of the Atlantic coast of
Europe
– Spain
– France
– England
188 BC—Rome took Asia Minor—modern
day Turkey
Roman Republic in Crisis
133 BC—Rome forced Syria and Egypt
into an alliance with Rome
By 130 BC—Rome had taken over all of
the Mediterranean region—from Spain to
Asia Minor
The Romans called the Mediterranean
Sea their “little lake”
Roman Republic in Crisis
Roman Republic in Crisis
Ruling such a large area was very difficult
for Rome
Rome began to face severe political and
economic problems
To help rule the large land holdings, the
Roman government made all of the nonItalian areas into provinces
Roman Republic in Crisis
Each province was required to pay tribute
to Rome
Most of the taxes collected never reached
Rome, but stayed in the pockets of the tax
collectors
The people knew their money was being
stolen
The people began to rebel
Roman Republic in Crisis
Many poor farmers flocked to the city of
Rome because of
– The low cost of food
– The free entertainment
– A hope of finding a job
Unfortunately, the slaves did all the
work in the city
– The poor farmers were left unemployed
and living off the Roman government
Roman Republic in Crisis
A series of reformers will try to fix the Republics
problems
Unfortunately, most of the reforms will be
unsuccessful
The reformers were:
–
–
–
–
–
Tiberius Gracchus
Gaius Gracchus
Gaius Marius
Lucas Cornelius Sulla
1st Triumvirate—Gnaeus Pompey, Marcus Crassus, Julius
Caesar
– 2nd Triumvirate—Octavian, Marcus Lepidus, Marc Antony
Roman Republic in Crisis
Tiberius Gracchus
Tiberius had the chance to be a
patrician, but chose to be a plebeian
tribune
133 BC—he proposed a law to take
land away from the rich farmers and
give the land to those who had no land
The law passed, but with much
opposition
Tiberius was eventually killed by 300
rioters
Tiberius Gracchus
Roman Republic in Crisis
Gaius Gracchus
Tiberius’ brother
Gaius was elected tribune 1 year after
his brother’s murder
Gaius wanted to give more land to poor
farmers
He created laws to sell grain at lower
prices
121 BC—Gaius was murdered by his
opponents
Gracchi Brothers
Roman Republic in Crisis
Gaius Marius
107 BC—he was elected consul
He passed laws that enlisted the poor into the
military
– A way to give the poor jobs—they were paid for
their service
– After military service, the poor were given land
– This system changed the military system—
soldiers became loyal to their commander, not to
the Republic
88 BC—Gaius was overthrown by his newly
created army, led by Lucas Cornelius Sulla
Gaius Marius
Roman Republic in Crisis
Lucas Cornelius Sulla
Sulla made himself dictator of Rome
He attempted to steal power away from
the Assembly of Tribes
This attempt embroiled Rome into a
brutal period of violence
Roman Republic in Crisis
1st Triumvirate
70 BC—2 new consuls were elected in
Rome—Gnaeus Pompey and Marcus
Crassus
Pompey was a general and Crassus
was a politician
Both men began to gain support from a
young aristocrat—Julius Caesar
Gnaeus Pompey
Marcus Crassus
Julius Cesar
Roman Republic in Crisis
1st Triumvirate
60 BC—the 3 men formed the 1st
Triumvirate—all 3 would share power
over Rome
The Triumvirate was very unstable—
each man tried to take power from the
others
Roman Republic in Crisis
1st Triumvirate
Caesar flexed his muscle by conquering
the Celts, increasing Roman holdings in
Britain
Crassus tried to show military power,
but he will be killed in battle in 53 BC
Crassus’ death left Caesar and Pompey
to battle over Rome
Roman Republic in Crisis
1st Triumvirate
Pompey feared that Caesar would try to
take all power
Pompey convinced the Roman Senate
to order Caesar to leave his legions in
Britain and return to Rome, alone
Caesar did start for Rome, but with his
legions
Roman Republic in Crisis
1st Triumvirate
When Caesar crossed the Rubicon
River with his army, civil war broke out
in Rome
Caesar quickly took over all of Italy in
only 2 months
Pompey was driven out of Italy
Roman Republic in Crisis
Julius Caesar
45 BC—Caesar made himself dictator
of Rome for life
He gave the poor loans and jobs
He gave many non-Italians citizenship
Roman Republic in Crisis
Julius Caesar
Many in the government questioned
Caesar’s true political intentions
– They believed Caesar wanted to make
himself King
Many government officials began a plot
to rid Rome of Caesar
Roman Republic in Crisis
Julius Caesar
March 15, 44 BC (Ides of March)—
Caesar was assassinated by a group of
Roman Senators
– The assassination was led by Caesar’s
friend—Marcus Brutus
Roman Republic in Crisis
2nd Triumvirate
After Caesar’s murder, Caesar’s 18
year old grandnephew—Octavian—
began to make alliances with 2 very
powerful government officials—Marc
Antony and Marcus Lepidus
Octavian
Marc Antony
Marcus Lepidus
Roman Republic in Crisis
2nd Triumvirate
The 3 began to divide the Roman world
between them
– Octavian—Italy and the West
– Antony—Greece and the East
– Lepidus—North Africa
Roman Republic in Crisis
2nd Triumvirate
The 3 then formed the 2nd Triumvirate
The Triumvirate was very short lived
Octavian forced Lepidus to retire
Antony moved to Egypt and married
Cleopatra
Octavian convinced the Roman people
that Antony was going to seize Rome
Roman Republic in Crisis
2nd Triumvirate
Octavian and Antony go to war over
Rome
Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide to
escape capture
Octavian became the sole leader of
Rome
Octavian’s victory ushered out the
Republic and created the Roman
Empire
Octavian is the 1st Roman Emperor