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Transcript
Unit 3: Earth History Day 12 Focus: Theory of Plate Tectonics 12/20/16 1. Pick up a copy of the “Plate Tectonics” notes and Study guide Part 2 from the front table. 2. Copy today’s E.Q. onto page 11 in your notebook. Plan for the Day 1. Lesson on Plate Tectonics a. Notes b. Videos c. Web quest 2. Wrap-up Homework 1.Flash cards #25 “Why do the Plates Move?” and #27 “Ice Cores” – due tomorrow. 2.Be working on your study guide. After today, you will be able to do 1-45. Essential Question – Copy on page 11 How has the movement of tectonic plates impacted Earth’s geologic features and its lifeforms? Let’s discuss Plate Tectonic Theory and fill-in the guided notes as we go. When ALFRED WEGENER proposed his THEORY of CONTINENTAL DRIFT, he had solid evidence to support the idea that the continents had once been connected and had drifted throughout Earth’s history. The problem was that he could NOT explain HOW CONTINENTS COULD MOVE. Therefore, his theory was not widely accepted. Then, during World War II, while mapping the ocean floor (for submarines and stuff), mid-ocean ridges were discovered…volcanoes. This changed EVERYTHING!!! Vocabulary • 23. Lithosphere: the rigid outer shell of the planet that includes the crust and the solid, upper mantle. Below the lithosphere is the molten part of the mantle. • Like living organisms, the surface of Earth’s crust has evolved (changed) over time. Vocabulary • 23. Lithosphere: the rigid _____ _____ of the planet that includes the _____ and the _____ upper _______. • A.D. 1 -Below the lithosphere is the ______ part of the mantle. • A.D. 2 -Like ______ organisms, the surface of Earth’s _______ has ______ (changed) over time. • 24. Plate Tectonics: the theory that explains how large pieces of Earth’s crust, called tectonic plates, move and change shape. • A.D. 1 -the continental crust portion of plates form land; the oceanic crust portion of plates are under the seafloor • A.D. 2- plate boundaries are where these plates come in contact • A.D. 3 – As plates move, they carry continents and oceans with them. Most plates have both. • A.D. 4 – Plates are thicker under continents and thinner under oceans. • 24. Plate Tectonics: the theory that explains how large pieces of Earth’s ______, called _______ ______, ______ and _______ shape. • A.D. 1 -the _________ crust portion of plates form ____; the ______ crust portion of plates are _____ the _________ • A.D. 2- plate _________ are where these plates come in _________ • A.D. 3 – As plates _____, they ______ continents and _______ with them. Most plates have ______. • A.D. 4 – Plates are thicker under ________ and thinner under ________. NOW • Let’s watch a short video review of plate tectonics. • http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/e ss05_vid_plateintro/ Earth’s Tectonic Plates Types of Tectonic Plate Boundaries Convergent Boundaries: Oceanic-continental convergence: Subduction zone Convergent Boundaries: Oceanic-continental convergence: Deepocean trench Deepocean trench Convergent Boundaries: Oceanic-continental convergence: Convergent Boundaries: Oceanic-oceanic convergence: Subduction zone Convergent Boundaries: Oceanic-oceanic convergence: Convergent Boundaries: Continental-continental convergence (also called Collisional) Convergent Boundaries: Continental-continental convergence (also called Collisional) Divergent Boundaries: Oceanic: Rift Valley Divergent Boundaries: Oceanic: Divergent Boundaries: Continental: Ridges Rift Valley Divergent Boundaries: Continental: Great Rift Valley in Africa Transform Boundaries: Oceanic or Continental: Transform Boundaries: Oceanic or Continental: How are transform boundaries different from convergent and divergent? Earthquakes San Andreas Fault When earthquakes occur under the ocean… In 2004, an earthquake under the Indian Ocean triggered a tsunami that struck Sri Lanka and Thailand. People had no warning. More than 250,000 lives were lost. Just a few years back, another tsunami, triggered by an under-ocean earthquake, struck Japan. Here is a 3-minute video to show you the power of these giant waves. Tsunami video-Japan Causes of Plate Tectonics 25. Why do the plates move? 1. Due to tremendous heat, most rock in the mantle is molten (thick liquid). 2. Crust (lithosphere) moves around on top of hot, flowing rock. 3. Inside the Earth, low density magma rises from the core toward the crust. Magma cools beneath the crust, becomes more dense, and sinks back into the mantle. This rising and sinking creates circular currents called convection currents. These currents push and pull tectonic plates around. 25. Why do the plates move? 1. Due to tremendous _____, most rock in the _______ is _______ (thick liquid). 2. Crust (___________) moves around on top of hot, ___________ rock. 3. Inside the Earth, low density magma _______ from the _______ toward the ______. Magma cools ________ the crust, becomes more ______, and ________ back into the mantle. This ______ and sinking creates ________ currents called ___________ _________. These currents _____ and ______ tectonic ________ around. Cool Very hot due to radioactive decay NOW • Let’s watch a video animation of what scientists think is going on within the Earth to cause the tectonic plates to move. Watch for the convection currents. • Earth's interior animation of convection and plate tectonics 26. Results of Plate Movement A.D. 1-Formation of Earth’s features, such as mountains, volcanoes, and deep sea trenches. A.D. 2- Changes in the shape of Earth’s crust over time. A.D. 3 -Changes in climate due to the movement of crustal plates through different climate zones over time causing ice caps to increase/decrease, volume of oceans to increase/decrease, & organisms to live/die A.D. 4 -Changes in sea levels as volume of oceans & height of land changes over time (result of #3 above) A.D. 5 - Evolution of living organisms as plates move through various types of climate zones 26. Results of Plate Movement A.D. 1-Formation of Earth’s _______, such as __________, volcanoes, and deep sea ________. A.D. 2- _________ in the shape of Earth’s ______over time. A.D. 3 -Changes in ________ due to the movement of crustal plates through different _______ zones over time causing ice caps to _______/decrease, volume of _______ to increase/________, & organisms to ____________ 26. Results of Plate Movement sea ______as levels A.D. 4 -Changes in _____ volume of oceans & height of ______changes over time (result of #3 land above) Evolution/adaptations A.D. 5 - _________ of living organisms as plates move through various types of climate zones ________ 26. Results of Plate Movement A.D. 4 -Changes in _____ ______as volume of oceans & height of ______changes over time (result of #3 above) A.D. 5 - _________ of living organisms as plates move through various types of ________ zones Fossils • _______ show us how living things have changed throughout Earth’s history. Rocks • _______ show us how Earth’s geologic features have changed throughout Earth’s history. • What about how the atmosphere has changed? 27. Ice cores • Def. Cylinders of ice drilled from ice caps and glaciers. • A.D. 1 –Deeper ice is older. • A.D. 2 -The ice may contain gases, volcanic ash, and even traces of rare elements. • A.D. 3 -This information gives clues about how Earth’s atmosphere and climates have changed throughout its history. 27. Ice cores • Def. Cylinders of ____ drilled from ice caps and _________. • A.D. 1 –______ ice is _____. • A.D. 2 -The ice may contain _______, volcanic _____, and even traces of rare ________. • A.D. 3 -This information gives _____ about how Earth’s ________ and ________ have _________ throughout its history. Whatever gases (carbon dioxide, oxygen, methane, etc.) and solids (volcanic ash, dust, salts) are in the air are also going to be in the water. There is no barrier to keep them out of bodies of water. When water freezes, those gases and solids are trapped…frozen in time. Ice core samples can give scientists an idea of how the atmosphere has changed by analyzing the substances found in the core samples. Was there a period of great volcanic activity across the Earth? Was there a period of time when our air was not so oxygen-rich? So…WHEN I SAY ICE CORES, YOU SAY ATMOSPHERE! ICE CORES…atmosphere ICE CORES…atmosphere Points to Remember • The processes responsible for changes we see on Earth today (volcanoes, weathering, erosion, flooding, earthquakes, faulting, wave and river erosion, and rising sea levels) are similar to processes that have occurred throughout Earth’s history. (uniformitarianism) • Both natural processes & human activities result in environmental challenges such as global climate change. Stop here Day 12 Let’s begin a web quest to help us learn more about plate tectonics and what happens at the boundaries between tectonic plates. Andes Mountains, South America NOW • Let’s watch a Brainpop video of plate tectonics. https://www.brainpop.com/science/earths ystem/platetectonics/ • Let’s finish our notes on theory of evolution and biological classification. Notes & Discussion • What is the Theory of Evolution & who proposed this idea? Theory of Evolution: A theory that states that living things evolve (change) in response to changes in their environment. *proposed by Charles Darwin *says that all life is related and descended from a common ancestor *genetic mutations occur within an organism’s genetic code (due to changes in the environment) *the beneficial mutations are preserved because they help the organism survive and are passed to the next generation (natural selection) *over time, the beneficial mutations accumulate & result in an entirely different organism (not just a variation of the original organism) Theory of Evolution (cont.) • Evolution is the result of the process of natural selection (adaptation to changes in the environment.) • This accounts for the diversity of organisms as illustrated by fossil remains. • Adaptations include changes in structures, behaviors, or physiology (phenotype traits) that enhance survival & reproductive success. • Genotype is the genetic code (actual genes themselves) for our physical traits (phenotypes). • Most species that have lived on Earth are now extinct. • ADD THE FOLLOWING TO YOUR NOTECARD ON EVOLUTION: The greater the diversity of characteristics within a species, the greater the chance that species has of surviving environmental changes (not becoming extinct!). Notes Continued • What is biological classification? What is the purpose of it? Biological Classification: A system used to organize and classify all life on Earth. *called “taxonomy” Purposes of Biological Classification: *ability to precisely describe organisms *allows scientists to examine the relationships among organisms & to construct evolutionary trees illustrating the origin of life on Earth NOW • Let’s watch a quick review of the Theory of Evolution • http://www.brainpop.com/science/ecologyandbehavior/ humanevolution/preview.weml Making a Connection • Why do you suppose only 30-35 fish have survived in our aquarium compared with the 200 eggs we started with? Wrap-up • Write a summary statement explaining the most important thing you learned today. How is this illustrated in your world outside of this class??????