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GLENCOE LANGUAGE ARTS Sentence Diagraming To the Teacher Sentence Diagraming is a blackline master workbook that offers samples, exercises, and step-by-step instructions to expand students’ knowledge of grammar and sentence structure. Each lesson teaches a part of a sentence and then illustrates a way to diagram it. Designed for students at all levels, Sentence Diagraming provides students with a tool for understanding written and spoken English. Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with Glencoe Language Arts products. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited without written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, Ohio 43240 ISBN 0-07-824701-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 045 04 03 02 01 00 PART I Simple Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Lesson 1 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Lesson 2 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Lesson 3 Compound Subjects and Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Lesson 4 Compound Subjects and Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Lesson 5 Compound Subjects and Predicates III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Lesson 6 Compound Subjects and Predicates IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Lesson 7 Lesson 8 Lesson 9 Adjectives and Adverbs I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Adjectives Adjectives and Adverbs II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Adverbs Adverbs modifying verbs Adjectives and Adverbs III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Lesson 10 Adjectives and Adverbs IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Lesson 11 Adjectives and Adverbs V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Lesson 12 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Lesson 13 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Lesson 14 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Lesson 15 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Lesson 16 Subject Complements I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Lesson 17 Subject Complements II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Lesson 18 Subject Complements III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Lesson 19 Object Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 PART II Simple subject and simple predicate Understood subject Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order Compound subject Compound predicate Compound subject and compound predicate More than two parts in a compound element Complete subject and complete predicate Adverbs that modify other modifiers Modifiers with a compound subject or verb Compound adjectives and adverbs Direct object Indirect object Compound direct object Compound indirect object Compound verb with direct and indirect objects Predicate nominative Predicate adjective Compound subject complements Object complements Simple Sentences with Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Lesson 20 Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Lesson 21 Prepositional Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Lesson 22 Prepositional Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Appositives and appositive phrases Used as adjectives Used as adverbs iii Lesson 23 Prepositional Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Lesson 24 Participles and Participial Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Lesson 25 Participles and Participial Phrases II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Lesson 26 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Lesson 27 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Lesson 28 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Lesson 29 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Lesson 30 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Lesson 31 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Lesson 32 Absolute Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 PART III Used to modify other prepositional phrases Participles Participial phrases Used as subjects Used as direct objects Used as predicate nominatives Used as objects of prepositions Used as adjectives or adverbs Used as nouns Absolute phrases Compound and Complex Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Lesson 33 Compound Sentences I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Lesson 34 Compound Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Lesson 35 Compound Sentences III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Lesson 36 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Lesson 37 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Lesson 38 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses III . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Lesson 39 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Lesson 40 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Lesson 41 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Lesson 42 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Lesson 43 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Lesson 44 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Lesson 45 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Lesson 46 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Lesson 47 Compound-Complex Sentences I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Lesson 48 Compound-Complex Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Clauses connected by a semicolon Clauses connected by a conjunction Clauses with compound predicates Adjective clauses introduced by relative pronouns Adjective clauses introduced by other words Adverb clauses that modify verbs Adverb clauses that modify adjectives and adverbs More than one subordinate clause Used as subjects Used as direct objects Introduced by that Used as objects of prepositions Used as indirect objects Used as predicate nominatives With a noun clause With an adjective or adverb clause ANSWER KEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 iv Simple Sentences Lesson 1 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Lesson 2 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Lesson 3 Compound Subjects and Predicates I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Lesson 4 Compound Subjects and Predicates II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Lesson 5 Compound Subjects and Predicates III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Lesson 6 Compound Subjects and Predicates IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Lesson 7 Lesson 8 Lesson 9 Adjectives and Adverbs I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Adjectives Adjectives and Adverbs II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Adverbs Adverbs modifying verbs Adjectives and Adverbs III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Lesson 10 Adjectives and Adverbs IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Lesson 11 Adjectives and Adverbs V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Lesson 12 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Lesson 13 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Lesson 14 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Lesson 15 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Lesson 16 Subject Complements I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Lesson 17 Subject Complements II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Lesson 18 Subject Complements III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Lesson 19 Object Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Simple subject and simple predicate Understood subject Simple subject or simple predicate having more than one word Simple subject and simple predicate in inverted order Compound subject Compound predicate Compound subject and compound predicate More than two parts in a compound element Complete subject and complete predicate Adverbs that modify other modifiers Modifiers with a compound subject or verb Compound adjectives and adverbs Direct object Indirect object Compound direct object Compound indirect object Compound verb with direct and indirect objects Predicate nominative Predicate adjective Compound subject complements Sentence Diagraming Object complements 1 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 1 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I A sentence diagram is a visual representation of the words and parts of a sentence. A diagram shows how sentence elements relate to each other and to the sentence as a whole. A diagram frame, like the one shown here, is the starting point in diagraming sentences. Make the vertical line baseline that cuts through the baseline equally long above and below the baseline. vertical line Simple Subject and Simple Predicate Every sentence has two parts: a subject and a predicate. The subject tells what a sentence is about. The predicate says something about the subject. A diagram shows words in the subject of the sentence on the left side of the diagram frame, and words in the predicate on the right side. The simple subject of a sentence is the key noun or pronoun (or other word group acting as a noun) in the subject. The simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase that expresses the essential thought about the subject. To diagram a sentence with a simple subject and simple predicate, place the simple subject on the baseline to the left of the vertical line. Place the simple predicate on the baseline to the right of the vertical line. Example Sheep graze. Sheep graze simple subject simple predicate In a diagram, keep capitalization as it is in the sentence but omit any punctuation. Sometimes the subject you is not included in a sentence but is understood. Place the understood subject in parentheses to the left of the vertical line. Example Jump! (you) Jump simple subject simple predicate EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Children play. 3. Listen! 2. Stop! 4. Parrots fly. 2 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Understood Subject Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 2 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II Simple Subject or Simple Predicate Having More Than One Word A simple subject or simple predicate may have more than one word. For example, the simple subject may be a compound noun, such as sugar maple, or a person’s full name, such as Dr. William Fort. The simple predicate, or verb, may be a single word or a verb phrase. A verb phrase, such as had been moving, consists of a main verb (moving) and all its auxiliary, or helping, verbs (had, been). Place all the words of a simple subject or simple predicate on the baseline of a diagram frame on the correct side of the vertical rule. Example Miss Ramona Rodriquez has been waiting. Miss Ramona Rodriquez has been waiting simple subject simple predicate Simple Subject and Simple Predicate in Inverted Order A sentence phrased as a question is diagramed the same as a statement. The positions of the subject and the predicate remain the same—the subject always appears to the left of the vertical line and the predicate to the right. Remember to keep capitalization as it is in the original sentence and to omit the punctuation. Example Can ducks fly? ducks Can fly simple subject simple predicate Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Kim is concentrating. 5. Professor White will speak. 2. Have you eaten? 6. Can Jackie Smith sing? 3. Mr. Robertson helped. 7. Stop! 4. Workers are protesting. 8. Must everyone recite? Sentence Diagraming 3 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 3 Compound Subjects and Predicates I A simple sentence has only one main clause; that is, it has a single subject and a single predicate. Its diagram uses only one baseline. However, either the subject or the predicate (or both) may have more than one part. In such a case, the baseline is forked to make space for the multiple parts. Compound Subject A compound subject is made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined by a conjunction—such as and, but, or or—and have the same verb. The diagram for a sentence with a compound subject has a fork in the baseline at the left (subject) side of the vertical line. Draw parallel horizontal lines, one for each part of the subject. Connect the lines with a dotted vertical line at their right, and write the conjunction along that dotted line. Draw angled lines from both the top and bottom subject lines to join the stack to the baseline, as shown below. Example Adults and children cheered. part 1 of compound subject Adults part 2 of compound subject conj. and children cheered verb If a correlative conjunction such as both . . . and or neither . . . nor is used, write one word of the conjunction on each side of the dotted line, as shown here. Example Both adults and children cheered. part 1 of compound subject adults verb EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Phyllis or you may win. 3. Coach Bush and Ms. Lu officiated. 2. Both Jason and Eric participated. 4. Neither Laura nor Carla could come. 4 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. part 2 of compound subject conj. conj. Both and children cheered Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4 Compound Subjects and Predicates II Compound Predicate A compound predicate (or compound verb) is made up of two or more verbs or verb phrases that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject. The diagram for a sentence with a compound verb has a fork in the baseline at the right (verb) side of the vertical line. To diagram a sentence with a compound verb, draw a mirror image of the diagram for a compound subject. Look at the example below. Example Contestants ran or swam. part 1 of compound verb simple subject or Contestants swam conj. ran part 2 of compound verb If a helping verb is not repeated, write it on the baseline between the vertical line and the fork, as in this example. Example Contestants were either running or swimming. were part 1 of compound verb subject swimming helping verb conj. conj. Contestants either or running part 2 of compound verb Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. We competed but lost. 3. Kites both soared and dipped. 2. Everyone stayed and talked. 4. Janine was neither reading nor writing. Sentence Diagraming 5 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 5 Compound Subjects and Predicates III Compound Subject and Compound Predicate A sentence may have both a compound subject and a compound verb. Then the baseline is forked on both sides of the vertical line, as in this example. Example Lee and Juan watched and waited. part 1 of compound subject waited part 2 of compound subject part 1 of compound verb conj. watched conj. and Juan and Lee part 2 of compound verb More Than Two Parts in a Compound Element A compound subject or a compound predicate may have more than two parts. Draw as many parallel horizontal lines in the fork for that element as there are parts, as shown here. Example Lee, Juan, Sue, and Dorothy entered, watched, and waited. entered watched waited part 1 of compound verb part 2 of compound subject part 3 of compound subject part 4 of compound subject conj. Dorothy and Sue and Juan part 1 of compound subject conj. Lee part 2 of compound verb part 3 of compound verb EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 3. Will Lois, Matt, or you compete or watch? 2. Spectators cheered, booed, and groaned. 4. Both Bernie and Dawn trained, ran, and won. 6 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Men, women, and children participated. Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 6 Compound Subjects and Predicates IV Complete Subject and Complete Predicate The complete subject of a sentence consists of the simple subject and all the words that modify it. The complete predicate consists of the simple predicate, or verb, and all the words that modify it or complete its meaning. To diagram a sentence, begin by identifying and diagraming its simple subject and verb. Be sure to locate all parts of compound subjects and compound verbs. All other words of the complete subject and complete predicate are added to the diagram later. In each example below, all words to the left of the vertical bar are the complete subject, and those to the right are the complete predicate. The underlined words are the simple subject and verb. Under each sentence is the first stage of its diagram. Example George, in excellent physical condition, | ran the fastest of all and won. part 1 of verb and George simple subject won conj. ran part 2 of verb Example The judges, referees, and guards at the meet | have volunteered their time. judges have volunteered part 2 of simple subject part 3 of simple subject conj. guards and referees part 1 of simple subject verb Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EXERCISE For each of these sentences, create the first stage of its diagram. Show only simple subjects and verbs, including all compound elements, and conjunctions. 1. Both snow and rain were falling at the same time. 3. Listen carefully and follow my directions for this game. 2. Agile acrobats performed in the ring and drew applause. 4. Are the roses or peonies in your garden blooming yet? Sentence Diagraming 7 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 7 Adjectives and Adverbs I Many sentences use modifiers to limit or describe nouns, pronouns, and verbs. Adjectives and adverbs are two types of modifiers. Adjectives An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun. It tells what kind, which one, how many, or how much. Examples include funny, those, five, and more. The articles a, an, and the are also adjectives. In addition, possessive nouns, such as Jack’s, and possessive pronouns, such as his, may be grouped with adjectives because they describe nouns. In the example below, every adjective is underlined. To diagram a sentence with one or more adjectives, place each adjective on a slant line below the word it modifies. If more than one adjective modifies the same word, place the modifiers from left to right in the order in which they appear in the sentence. Example Jack’s clever invention succeeded. invention succeeded subject verb ad e e iv iv ct ct je je ’s er ck ev ad cl Ja 2 1 EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 3. These red tulips are opening. 2. Which leaky boat sank? 4. Many popular music groups will appear. 8 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. The little baby slept. Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 8 Adjectives and Adverbs II Adverbs An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb by making its meaning more specific. Adverbs answer the questions when?, where?, how?, and to what extent? In the examples below, all the adverbs are underlined. To diagram a sentence with one or more adverbs, place each adverb on a slant line below the word it modifies. Adverbs Modifying Verbs In a sentence, an adverb that modifies a verb may appear before or after the verb. It may be separated from the verb by other words or phrases. In this example, the adverb suddenly may take three different positions. Note that all three sample sentences are shown by the same diagram. Since Then and suddenly both tell when, they both modify the verb and are placed below it in the diagram. Example Then lightning suddenly flashed. Then lightning flashed suddenly. Then, suddenly, lightning flashed. lightning flashed subject verb rb rb ve ve ad en en dd ad su Th 2 1 ly Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Keisha paused briefly. 3. Wait here quietly. 2. Soon they will gallop away. 4. Earlier, we had been skating there safely. Sentence Diagraming 9 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 9 Adjectives and Adverbs III Adverbs That Modify Other Modifiers A sentence may have both kinds of modifiers, with adjectives modifying nouns and pronouns, and adverbs modifying verbs. Example Loud thunder rumbled threateningly. thunder subject rumbled verb in e en iv rb ct ve je at ud re ad ad th Lo gl y In addition, the sentence may have other adverbs modifying these modifiers. To diagram an adverb that modifies a word already shown on a slant line, place the adverb on a slant line that is parallel to but slightly lower than the slant line of the word modified. Connect the two lines with a short horizontal line at the top of the lower slant line. In the next example, the adverbs extremely and rather modify the adjective loud and the adverb threateningly. Example Extremely loud thunder rumbled rather threateningly. thunder subject rumbled verb ad rb rb e ve iv in rb en y y el gl m er ve ct ad je at tre th ad re ra ud ve ad th lo Ex 1. Very pesky weeds grow everywhere! 3. My remarkably talkative sister phones often. 2. Dale answered rather hesitantly. 4. Habitually shy, the child played alone. 10 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 10 Adjectives and Adverbs IV Modifiers with a Compound Subject or Verb In a sentence with a compound subject or verb, a modifier may describe one part of the compound element or all parts. In the first example below, excitedly modifies shrieked, and inside modifies ran. In the second example, both adverbs modify both verb parts. See how the diagrams differ. Examples Vana and Jason shrieked excitedly and ran inside. Inside, Vana and Jason excitedly talked and laughed. and part 2 of subject 1 laughed rb part 1 of subject part 2 of verb in ad y dl talked ve te part 2 of subject ad ci ran conj. ex and Jason part 1 of verb part 1 of subject shrieked conj. Vana ve sid rb e 2 ad ad conj. part 1 of verb conj. ve ve part 2 of verb rb rb 2 y 1 dl e te sid ci In ex and Jason and Vana Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. If a modifier modifies only one part of the compound element, place it under that part of the fork. If the modifier modifies all parts, place it under the shared baseline. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. We rose instantly and cheered loudly. 3. Later the band will meet and practice here. 2. Both your hen and her chicks survived. 4. That black horse can run fast and jump high! Sentence Diagraming 11 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 11 Adjectives and Adverbs V Compound Adjectives and Adverbs Two or more adjectives joined by a conjunction are called a compound adjective. Two or more adverbs joined by a conjunction are called a compound adverb. Diagram the parts of a compound adjective or adverb on separate slant lines below the word they modify, and link them by drawing a dotted horizontal line between the slant lines. Write the conjunction on the horizontal line, as in these examples. Example A clear but cold day dawned. dawned day pa rt rt je pa ad 2 of e conj. of iv 1 ct r ld ea co cl A but verb subject p. p. m m co co j. j. ad ad Example Yesterday, winds blew strongly and unceasingly. winds verb subject blew pa rt rt 2 rb p. p. m m co y co gl conj. of in ay of as 1 ve pa ad ce y rd gl te on un str s Ye and rb rb ve ve ad ad 1. One old and leaky boat sank. 3. Finally, the long and dull speech ended. 2. The seeing-eye dog lay still but watchfully. 4. The batter, powerful and confident, swung. 12 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 12 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I Verbs that express physical or mental action are called action verbs. Some action verbs are complete in themselves, but others pass their action on to other elements in the sentence. These elements are called the objects of the action verbs. Direct Object A transitive verb is an action verb that is followed by a word or words that answer the question what? or whom? Such words are called direct objects. To diagram a sentence with a direct object, place the direct object on the baseline just to the right of its verb. Separate the two sentence parts with a vertical line that lies above the baseline only. Example The class is planning a trip. class is planning trip subject action verb direct object ad ad a je e je Th ct ct iv iv e e EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Class members are considering various destinations. 2. They may rent a bus. 3. Naturally, the trip demands adequate funds. 4. The students have already held two fund-raisers. Sentence Diagraming 13 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 13 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II Indirect Object An indirect object answers the question to whom or what? or for whom or what? after an action verb. Almost always, a sentence has an indirect object only if it has a direct object as well. In the sentence, the indirect object appears between the verb and the direct object. To diagram the sentence, draw a line that slants down from the verb, bends, and extends horizontally to the right. Place the indirect object on the horizontal segment of the line, as in this example. Example A travel agency sent the curious students information. agency sent information subject je direct object indirect object ad e e e iv iv ct us ct je je ad iv e rio e cu th iv ct l ct ve je ad ad tra A students action verb EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Most airlines charge customers high prices. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. A local company may give us a better deal. 3. Did the class send the helpful agent a deposit? 14 Sentence Diagraming Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 14 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III Compound Direct Object If a verb has a compound direct object, the right end of the baseline, where the direct object is usually placed, is forked. To the right of the vertical line after the verb, draw parallel horizontal lines, one for each part of the compound object. Connect the lines with a dotted vertical line at their left, and write the conjunction along that line. Draw angled lines from both the top and bottom lines to join the stack to the baseline. Study this example. Example Students researched transportation, schedules, and prices. researched and Students dir. obj., pt. 1 subject schedules action verb prices conj. transporation dir. obj., pt. 2 dir. obj., pt. 3 Compound Indirect Object In a sentence with a compound indirect object, the horizontal line below the baseline is forked and the stack of indirect object parts is connected there, as in this example. Example Some resources gave us and our teachers useful facts. gave action verb ad ct iv iv e e teachers je ct and direct object ind. obj., pt. 1 je e ul m ef ad us us So ind. obj., pt. 2 je r ad ou ct iv e Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. subject facts conj. resources EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Zoltan’s committee contacted several hotels and a campground. 2. The operators sent Zoltan and his committee useful information. Sentence Diagraming 15 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 15 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV Compound Verb with Direct and Indirect Objects To diagram a sentence with all parts of a compound verb sharing a direct object, connect the horizontal lines holding the verb parts to the baseline at both left and right, as shown below. Then extend the baseline to hold the shared direct object. In some sentences, the shared object is a compound object. Example Students read and compared schedules. part 1 of compound verb schedules subject compared conj. Students and read direct object part 2 of compound verb If a direct or indirect object completes only one part of a compound verb, connect the object with only the specific verb part, as shown in this next example. Example Students read a novel and told Mrs. King their reactions. and reactions action verb dir. obj. j. ei r ind. obj. ad th Mrs. King dir. obj. j. told action verb ad subject a Students novel conj. read EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Make sure that each direct or indirect object is connected to the correct verb or verb part. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Passengers boarded the aircraft and took their seats. 2. Amos dragged and pushed his heavy suitcase. 16 Sentence Diagraming Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 15 Continued 3. Tell me your idea and explain its advantages. 4. Captain Ellis welcomed passengers and introduced himself. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5. The guide gave Gary and Ruby a great tour but charged a small fee. 6. Gary and Ruby thanked and tipped their guide. Sentence Diagraming 17 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 16 Subject Complements I A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of the sentence with a word or phrase describing or identifying the subject. The most common linking verb is to be. The word or phrase linked to the subject is called a subject complement. There are two kinds of subject complements—predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives—but they are diagramed the same way. Predicate Nominative A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames or further identifies the subject. It may be modified by adjectives. To diagram a sentence with a predicate nominative, place the noun or pronoun on the baseline to the right of the linking verb. Draw a slant line between the verb and predicate nominative that ends at the baseline. Example That judge is Gloria’s uncle. judge is subject uncle linking verb predicate nominative ad je e e iv 's iv ct ct je ria at lo ad G Th EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 3. Mrs. Wing was an alternate juror. 2. Murder was the charge. 4. These audio tapes are evidence. 18 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. This courtroom is a famous site. Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 17 Subject Complements II Predicate Adjective A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and further describes the subject. It may be modified by adverbs. To diagram a sentence with a predicate adjective, use the same approach as for a sentence with a predicate nominative. Place the adjective on the baseline to the right of the linking verb. Draw a slant line between the verb and predicate adjective that ends at the baseline. Example Judge Fox is very patient. Judge Fox is patient subject linking verb predicate adjective ad ve ve ry rb Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Decide first whether the sentence has a subject complement or a direct object, and use a slant or straight line, as appropriate, to separate that word from the verb. 1. The current trial is rather remarkable. 4. Is the jurors’ decision final? 2. The young defendant appears frightened. 5. The victim’s parents are giving their testimony. 3. The case involves burglary. 6. Newspaper reporters have frequently been present. Sentence Diagraming 19 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 18 Subject Complements III Compound Subject Complements Both predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives may have compound parts. For a sentence with a compound subject complement of either type, the baseline of the diagram is forked at the right of the slant line, as in these examples. Examples The next witness is the defendant’s neighbor and her classmate. She has always been very honest and loyal. pred. nom., pt. 1 neighbor and conj. j. j. ad r j. he pred. adj., pt. 1 ad v. v. loyal linking verb conj. subject ad ay ry w ve al and has been j. ad t’s ad an xt e pred. nom., pt. 2 honest She ad nd ne Th classmate linking verb j. fe subject ad de e is th witness pred. adj., pt. 2 s In the second example, note how the adverb very, which modifies both parts of the compound predicate adjective, is connected to the baseline before the fork. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Both lawyers have been logical and persuasive. 2. The defendant was extremely happy and grateful. 3. Carl will be either a lawyer or a doctor. 20 Sentence Diagraming Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 19 Object Complements A sentence with a direct object may also have an object complement. An object complement answers the question what? after a direct object. It completes the meaning of the object by identifying or describing it. Object complements occur only with verbs having the general meaning of “make” or “consider.” To diagram a sentence with an object complement, first identify which word is the direct object and which word completes its meaning. Diagram the direct object in the usual way, separating it from the verb with a vertical line that ends at the baseline. Then place the complement to the right of the direct object, and separate it from the object with a slant line that ends at the baseline. Examples Students elected Ann president. They consider her trustworthy. Students They elected consider president Ann her trustworthy subject verb dir. obj. obj. comp. subject verb dir. obj. obj. comp. If any element in a sentence with an object complement is compound, follow the usual methods of diagraming the compound element. Here is an example: Example Voters named Bob secretary and Viv class treasurer. bj. Viv treasurer verb conj. named secretary dir. obj., pt. 1 object complement 1 dir. obj., pt. 2 object complement 2 ad as j. cl s Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Voters and Bob Remember that an object complement modifies the direct object and follows verbs such as call, find, appoint, declare, name, elect, and consider. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Kim proved Sam wrong. 3. Paul calls his dog Rushmore. 2. I considered their argument silly. 4. Ali dyed her T-shirt green. Sentence Diagraming 21 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 19 Continued 5. The governor declared our township and the next county a disaster. 6. Critics and audiences found the play witty and delightful. 7. The mayor declared today a holiday. 22 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 8. Many Americans consider the first astronauts national heroes and recall their feats proudly. Simple Sentences with Phrases Lesson 20 Appositives and Appositive Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Lesson 21 Prepositional Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Lesson 22 Prepositional Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Lesson 23 Prepositional Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Lesson 24 Participles and Participial Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Lesson 25 Participles and Participial Phrases II. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Lesson 26 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Lesson 27 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Lesson 28 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Lesson 29 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Lesson 30 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Lesson 31 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Lesson 32 Absolute Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Appositives and appositive phrases Used as adjectives Used as adverbs Used to modify other prepositional phrases Participles Participial phrases Used as subjects Used as direct objects Used as predicate nominatives Used as objects of prepositions Used as adjectives or adverbs Used as nouns Sentence Diagraming Absolute phrases 23 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 20 Appositives and Appositive Phrases An appositive is a noun or pronoun that identifies another noun or pronoun in the sentence. Any noun or pronoun may have an appositive, including a subject, object, or complement. To diagram a sentence with an appositive, place the appositive immediately after the word it identifies, and set it off in parentheses. Example Our first president, George Washington, had been a military commander. president (George Washington) had been commander subject (appos.) verb pred. nom. j. j. ad ad j. ta j. ili ad ad m a st ur fir O ry Example I asked my history teacher, Miss Brooks, a question. I asked question verb dir. obj. ad a ind. obj. (appositive) j. teacher (Miss Brooks) subj. ad j. j. ad sto y hi m ry An appositive phrase is composed of an appositive and all the words that modify it. To diagram a sentence with an appositive phrase, write the appositive within parentheses immediately after the word identified, and place the modifiers on slant lines under the appositive rather than under the word identified. Example Washington, our first president, had been a military commander. Washington (president) had been commander subj. (appositive) verb pred. nom. ry 1. Washington gave us, his admirers, a tremendous heritage. 2. Our second president, John Adams, had been an ambassador. 24 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. j. j. j. ad ad ad j. ta st r ili ad m a fir ou EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Be sure to find every appositive and appositive phrase. Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 20 Continued 3. Next, the nation elected the statesman Thomas Jefferson president. 4. Both John Adams and his son, John Quincy Adams, were presidents. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5. The sixteenth U.S. president was Abraham Lincoln, a Republican. 6. Presidents Day, a national holiday, is celebrated annually. 7. It honors two presidents, Washington and Lincoln. Sentence Diagraming 25 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 21 Prepositional Phrases I A preposition is a word that indicates a relationship of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence. Examples include to, of, and near. A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object. Examples of prepositional phrases are “to the front,” “of clay,” and “near the rose garden.” Prepositional phrases may act as adjectives or as adverbs. Used as Adjectives To diagram a prepositional phrase used as an adjective, place the preposition on a line that slants from left to right below the noun or pronoun modified. Place the object of the preposition on a horizontal line connected to the slant line and lying at its right. The slant line should extend slightly beyond the horizontal line. If the object of the preposition has modifiers, write them on slant lines below the object. Example The flowers beside the oak tree need water. flowers need subject water verb pr j. ep ad . sid e be Th e tree direct object object of preposition ad ad j. j. k oa e th If a prepositional phrase modifies an appositive, place the preposition on a slant line directly beneath the appositive, not the word that the appositive identifies. Example Water the begonias—those flowers with shiny leaves. (you) Water subj. begonias (flowers) verb dir. obj. (appositive) ep j. . e obj. of prep. j. in ad sh y EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. The youngest children planted a garden of sunflowers. 2. Visitors to the garden especially enjoyed the sight of tall golden flowers. 26 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pr ad j. ith os e ad w th th leaves Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 22 Prepositional Phrases II Used as Adverbs All prepositional phrases are diagramed the same whether they are used as adjectives or adverbs. Examine this model of a prepositional phrase used to modify a verb, noting how the phrase is placed beneath the verb modified. The preposition is placed on the slant line and its object on the adjoining horizontal line. Example We will plant the vegetables after lunch. We will plant vegetables subject direct object ad j. ep r pr e te th af . lunch verb object of preposition If the prepositional phrase modifies only one part of a compound element, place it under that part only. Otherwise, the slant line begins beneath the shared baseline. Example On Monday, Jason pulled weeds and trimmed bushes with his new shears. and Jason weeds verb subject bushes . direct object obj. of prep. ep ith . shears obj. of prep. ad j. j. w s ad ne hi Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. verb pr w Monday direct object ep n pr O trimmed conj. pulled A prepositional phrase used as an adverb does not always immediately follow the verb. It answers this question: When, where, or how does or did the action occur? EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. During the week, Mandy will volunteer at the park. 2. Her team has been working on the new trails for a month. Sentence Diagraming 27 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 23 Prepositional Phrases III Used to Modify Other Prepositional Phrases A prepositional phrase that modifies another prepositional phrase is diagramed like any other prepositional phrase. Simply place the phrase beneath the object of the prepositional phrase that is modified. Study this example. Example Look at those flowers next to the walk! (you) Look (understood subject) verb pr at flowers ep .1 e xt os ne th ep j. pr ad to walk object of preposition 1 .2 th e object of preposition 2 ad j. In this sentence, the prepositional phrase “at those flowers” tells where to look, so it is placed under the verb. The prepositional phrase “next to the walk” tells which flowers, so it is placed under the object of the first phrase. Any sentence may contain a series of prepositional phrases. Be sure to determine which word is modified by each phrase, and place each phrase under the word it modifies. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. An aquarium is being constructed near the mouth of the river. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. That site is perfect for the location of a tourist attraction. 28 Sentence Diagraming Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 23 Continued 3. Everyone on the committee is happy with the plans. 4. The design of the building came from a local architect. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5. Her design was selected from a number of proposals. 6. Students from any school in the state can get free passes to the aquarium. Sentence Diagraming 29 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 24 Participles and Participial Phrases I Not all verb forms function in sentences as verbs. A participle is a verb form that functions in a sentence as an adjective. Present participles end in -ing. Most past participles end in -ed but some have irregular forms. Participles To diagram a sentence that includes a participle, first identify the word that the participle modifies. Draw a line that slants down from that word, bends, and extends horizontally to the right. Write the participle on the line, curving it in the angle of the line, as shown in this example. Example A crane lifted the fallen trees from the road. crane lifted trees subject verb direct object ad pa r t i c i ple . obj. of prep. j. ep j. pr ad e m len f th fro A road al e ad th j. While participles that end in -ing or -ed are easy to recognize, irregular participles such as fallen may not be as obvious. Remember that any verb form used as an adjective is a participle and should be diagramed as shown above. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Pausing, she searched for the source of the annoying noise. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. Perhaps an experienced jeweler can repair the broken chain. 30 Sentence Diagraming Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 25 Participles and Participial Phrases II Participial Phrases Because participles are a form of verbs, they may take direct and indirect objects, predicate nominatives and adjectives, and object complements. A participial phrase is made up of a participle, any complements it may have, and all words and phrases that modify the participle and its complements. To diagram a participial phrase, first diagram the participle on its bent line. Then diagram any objects, complements, and modifiers in the phrase, adding them to the bent line of the participle. Be sure to place every modifier under the correct element of the participial phrase. Example My little cousin looks so innocent, cheerfully giving his mother a hug. cousin looks innocent verb ar p hug ti c i ple dir. obj. of participle j. ind. obj. of participle ad ve ad j. s lly hi r fu rb ee ad a ch mother v. j. j. tle y ving predicate adjective ad ad ad so lit M gi subject Participial phrases can occur anywhere in a sentence. Always diagram a participial phrase so that it extends below the word it modifies, no matter where the participial phrase appears in the sentence. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. The first aircraft carrying people rose into the air in November of 1783. 2. That aircraft was a basket lifted by a balloon. Sentence Diagraming 31 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 25 Continued 3. The balloon, constructed by the Montgolfier brothers, was filled with hot air. 4. The gasoline engine, invented in the late 1800s, led to the development of modern aircraft. 5. Running experiments in their Ohio bicycle shop, the Wright brothers made a breakthrough. 32 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. The engine of their aircraft, driving a propellor, produced enough forward speed for flight. Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 26 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I A gerund is a verb form that ends in -ing and is used in a sentence as a noun. A gerund phrase is made up of a gerund, its complements, and all modifiers of the gerund and its complements. Gerunds and gerund phrases may be used in sentences wherever nouns may be used, including compound sentence parts. In a diagram, a gerund is written in a curved shape over a line with a step. The stepped line lies at the top of a “stilt,” and the stilt is placed where you would put a noun or pronoun used as the gerund is used. Used as Subjects To diagram a gerund or a gerund phrase used as a subject, place a stilt on the baseline where the subject usually lies. Draw a stepped line above the stilt and curve the gerund itself over the step. Then diagram any objects, complements, and modifiers of the gerund phrase, adding these elements to the stepped line. Example Judging any contest well demands fairness. Judgi n g geru nd contest ad v. l fairness verb j. ad y el an w demands direct object of gerund direct object of verb EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Becoming a good referee takes time. 2. Gaining expertise as a referee is not easy. 3. Following fast-paced action requires energy. Sentence Diagraming 33 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 27 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II Used as Direct Objects To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as a direct object, place a stilt on the baseline where the direct object usually goes. Draw a stepped line, as shown here, above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step. Add any complements or modifiers in the gerund phrase to the stepped line. Example The coach suggested giving the players extra practice. giving action verb dir. obj. of gerund ind. obj. of gerund j. subject d ad players tra suggested ex coach gerun practice ad j. j. e ad th Th e Remember that both gerunds and present participles end in -ing. However, gerunds act as nouns, while participles act as adjectives. If a verb form can be replaced with the singular pronoun it in a sentence, that verb form is a gerund. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. Good players avoid running with the ball. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. The referee noticed some pushing and shoving. 3. During the playoffs, our tired players appreciated having a free day. 34 Sentence Diagraming Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 28 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III Used as Predicate Nominatives To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as a predicate nominative, place a stilt on the baseline where the predicate nominative belongs, following a slant line. Draw a stepped line above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step, and add any other words of the gerund phrase to the stepped line. Study this example. Example Jerry’s latest passion is climbing cliffs at the park. climbi ng subject linking verb dir. obj. of gerund ep obj. of prep. . park d pr is at passion gerun cliffs j. j. e ad ad ad th j. s st y' te rr la Je EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. Be sure a gerund or gerund phrase used as a direct object is diagramed appropriately. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Tara’s mistake is serving the volleyball too quickly. 2. The addition to the gym will permit holding the regional meet here. 3. My biggest thrill is winning a close game in the final seconds. Sentence Diagraming 35 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 29 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV Used as Objects of Prepositions To diagram a sentence with a gerund or gerund phrase as the object of a preposition, prepare space for the gerund by drawing a long slant line for that preposition. Then place a stilt on the horizontal line where the object of the preposition belongs, and draw a stepped line above the stilt. Curve the gerund over the step itself. Add any complements and modifiers of the gerund phrase to the stepped line. Study this example. Example The speaker talked about photographing wild animals in Africa. speaker talked subject pr ep animals j. gerun d dir. obj. of gerund . t r a p hin g ad ou e ab Th photo g verb ad j. ep ild pr w in . Africa obj. of prep. Whenever you come across a gerund in a sentence to be diagramed, mentally replace it with the pronoun it and decide where you would place that pronoun in a sentence. Then place the gerund or gerund phrase on a stilt in that position. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. The speaker kept the audience’s attention by showing videos of his work. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. His report of witnessing a cheetah running at top speed was remarkable. 36 Sentence Diagraming Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 29 Continued 3. The audience learned about choosing good times for photographing different animals. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. The job of demonstrating survival skills to cubs is the responsibility of the mother cheetah. 5. Learning these skills increases the cubs’ chances of growing to adulthood. Sentence Diagraming 37 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 30 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I An infinitive is a verb form that matches the base form of a verb and is usually preceded by the word to. An example is “to read.” An infinitive phrase is made up of an infinitive, its complements, and any modifiers of the infinitive and its complements. An example is “to read a mystery book quickly.” Infinitives and infinitive phrases can be used in sentences as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns. Used as Adjectives or Adverbs Infinitives or infinitive phrases used as modifiers are diagramed in the same way as prepositional phrases are. Write the word to on a slant line below the word modified by the infinitive. Write the base form of the verb on a horizontal line drawn to the right of the slant line, near its lower end. Study these examples. Examples The club appreciated Paul’s offer to serve as treasurer. Members voted to accept his offer. club appreciated offer subject verb "to " j. ul e j. ad ad to s ’ Pa Th serve dir. obj. infinitive (base form) pr as treasurer ep . obj. of prep. Members subject voted " offer "to to accept verb infinitive obj. of inf. s ad hi j. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. World leaders gathered to negotiate a treaty. 38 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. In the first example, the infinitive phrase “to serve as treasurer” tells what kind of offer. It acts as an adjective modifying offer. In the second, the phrase “to accept his offer” tells how the members voted. It acts as an adverb, modifying voted. Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 30 Continued 2. The session to debate the terms of the treaty begins soon. 3. Will the leaders fail to reach an agreement? Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. World War I’s horrors were not enough to lead to peace. 5. World War II finally produced the will to unite. Sentence Diagraming 39 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 31 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II Used as Nouns To diagram a sentence with an infinitive or infinitive phrase used as a noun, first identify its role in the sentence, for example, subject, direct object, or predicate nominative. In the diagram, draw a stilt in that position. Next, draw a short slant line at the left of a horizontal line above the stilt. Write the word to on the slant line, and the base form of the verb on the horizontal line. (Make sure the verb form is directly above the stilt.) Add complements and modifiers in the infinitive phrase to the horizontal line. Study these examples. In the first, the infinitive phrase is the subject of the sentence. In the second, the infinitive phrase is the direct object. Examples To win the class presidency is Latoya’s greatest ambition. She expects to campaign vigorously. o" "T To win presidency infinitive (base form) obj. of infinitive j. ad j. j. te 's st ya ea to "t o" to campaign us ly EXERCISE Determine how the infinitive or infinitive phrase is used in each sentence, and then diagram the sentence. 1. My brother likes to study history. 40 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ro verb v. go subject infinitive (base form) ad vi expects predicate nominative ad gr La She ad s j. e as ad cl th verb ambition is Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 31 Continued 2. To hear his report on the First Continental Congress takes ten minutes. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3. The goal of the representatives was to protest Great Britain’s treatment of the American colonies. 4. To declare independence from England was, apparently, the goal of the Second Continental Congress. Sentence Diagraming 41 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 32 Absolute Phrases A simple sentence may contain a phrase that has no grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence. This kind of phrase, called an absolute phrase, is made up of a noun or pronoun modified by a participle or participial phrase. Because an absolute phrase belongs to neither the subject nor the predicate of the sentence, it is diagramed with no connection to the rest of the sentence. Absolute Phrases To diagram an absolute phrase, first draw a horizontal line. Write the subject of the absolute phrase on the line. Place the participle and any complements on a bent line below the horizontal line. Add any modifiers in the phrase below the subject, participle, or complement as needed. Then, below the absolute phrase diagram and separate from it, draw the sentence diagram. The absolute phrase is always diagramed first, even if it follows the rest of the sentence. Examine how this sample sentence and its absolute phrase are diagramed. Examples Smoke alarms screaming, my family awoke to a fire. alarms subject of absolute phrase pa r t i c i ple awoke subject ad ok j. Sm r e a m ing sc e family pr j. ep ad y to m fire verb . obj. of prep. a ad j. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. EXERCISE Diagram each sentence. 1. The residents having been safely evacuated, firefighters battled the blaze. 2. People left the scene, the fire having been completely extinguished. 42 Sentence Diagraming Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 32 Continued 3. Its structure damaged, the building was condemned. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. Affordable apartments being scarce, our family searched in another town for a new home. 5. We bought new furniture, our old possessions completely gone. Sentence Diagraming 43 Compound and Complex Sentences Lesson 33 Compound Sentences I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Lesson 34 Compound Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Lesson 35 Compound Sentences III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Lesson 36 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Lesson 37 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Lesson 38 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses III . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Lesson 39 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Lesson 40 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Lesson 41 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Lesson 42 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Lesson 43 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Lesson 44 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Lesson 45 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Lesson 46 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Lesson 47 Compound-Complex Sentences I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Lesson 48 Compound-Complex Sentences II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Clauses connected by a semicolon Clauses connected by a conjunction Clauses with compound predicates Adjective clauses introduced by relative pronouns Adjective clauses introduced by other words Adverb clauses that modify verbs Adverb clauses that modify adjectives and adverbs More than one subordinate clause Used as subjects Used as direct objects Introduced by that Used as objects of prepositions Used as indirect objects Used as predicate nominatives With a noun clause Sentence Diagraming With an adjective or adverb clause 45 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 33 Compound Sentences I A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as a part of a sentence. A main, or independent, clause can also stand alone in a simple sentence. A subordinate, or dependent, clause cannot stand alone. A compound sentence has two or more main clauses and no subordinate clauses. The clauses are connected by a semicolon or by a comma and a conjunction. When you diagram a compound sentence, diagram each independent clause separately. Then connect the clauses as this lesson and the next describe. Clauses Connected by a Semicolon When two main clauses in a compound sentence are connected by a semicolon, diagram the clauses separately in the order in which they appear in the sentence. Then draw a vertical dotted line between the verbs of the clauses, as shown here. Example Bethany has an optimistic attitude; her smile is contagious. Bethany is contagious MAIN CLAUSE #1 verb MAIN CLAUSE #2 verb op attitude an has tim ist ic smile he r EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Lou enjoys football; Mae prefers basketball. 2. All of my friends boycotted the concert; ticket prices were outrageous. 46 Sentence Diagraming Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 34 Compound Sentences II Clauses Connected by a Conjunction When the main clauses in a compound sentence are connected by a conjunction such as and, but, or or, diagram each clause separately. Next, write the conjunction on a solid horizontal line between the two main clauses. Last, draw vertical dotted lines to connect that solid line to the verb of each clause, as shown below. Example Are you walking, or will you ride your bike? you MAIN CLAUSE #1 Are walking or you will ride verb conj. MAIN CLAUSE #2 bike verb yo ur EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Enid and her older sister were in a traffic accident yesterday, but their injuries were not serious. 2. Recently the population of Kirkland has grown, and our traffic problems have also grown. Sentence Diagraming 47 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 34 Continued 3. That intersection may need larger stop signs, or the city should install a traffic light there. 4. Enid will have her driver’s license soon, and her experience will probably make her a cautious driver. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 48 Sentence Diagraming Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 35 Compound Sentences III Clauses with Compound Predicates If a main clause in a compound sentence has a compound verb, the connecting line should begin (or end) at the shared baseline, before the fork for the parts of the verb, as in this example. Example I walked yesterday and arrived late, but today I will bike. verb walked ye conj. arrived la will bike te I MAIN CLAUSE #1 ay but rd and ste I MAIN CLAUSE #2 verb verb to da y EXERCISE Diagram each compound sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. In January, a blizzard paralyzed the city and closed schools, but this school year has been uneventful. 2. Dave may study architecture or become a contractor; he likes buildings. Sentence Diagraming 49 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 36 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate and is used as part of a sentence. A main, or independent, clause can stand alone in a simple sentence. A subordinate, or dependent, clause cannot stand alone. There are three types of subordinate clauses: adjective, adverb, and noun clauses. A complex sentence has one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses. How a complex sentence is diagramed depends on the type of subordinate clause it includes. Adjective Clauses Introduced by Relative Pronouns An adjective clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun in the main clause. The adjective clause is usually introduced by one of the relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, that, and which). Begin the diagram of the complex sentence by diagraming the independent clause, even if it comes second in the sentence. Then diagram the subordinate clause separately, placing it below the main clause. Finally, connect the two clauses with a dotted line that begins with the word in the main clause that is modified and ends with the introductory relative pronoun in the adjective clause. This dotted line is not always a straight line. Study this example. Example A woman whom we met recently received an award. woman met whom award MAIN CLAUSE modified noun an A we received ADJECTIVE CLAUSE relative pronoun re nt Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ce ly EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. A friend of mine who attends a music academy is very talented. 50 Sentence Diagraming Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 36 Continued 2. Gregor often composes music for poems that he likes. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3. He wrote a short piece that the city orchestra will play in its next program. 4. Mozart, whose work my friend greatly admires, began composing as a young child. Sentence Diagraming 51 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 37 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II Adjective Clauses Introduced by Words Other Than Pronouns Besides relative pronouns, certain other words, such as when and where, may introduce adjective clauses. To be sure that a clause is an adjective clause, decide whether it tells what kind? or which one? about the noun modified. If it does, follow the directions below. If it does not, that complex sentence is diagramed differently. First diagram the main clause. Then diagram the subordinate clause, placing it below the main clause. Draw a dotted line from the word in the main clause that is modified to the introductory word in the adjective clause. Study this example. Example The prize was presented in the city where the winner works. prize MAIN CLAUSE was presented in Th e city modified noun th e winner ADJECTIVE CLAUSE works re re he he e “w w th ” The clause “where the winner works” modifies city, telling which city. The clause begins with the adverb where, which modifies the verb in the subordinate clause. The dotted line connecting the clauses runs from city to where. EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. The week when we take the entrance exam is coming fast. 2. The library is the only place where I can study. 52 Sentence Diagraming Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 38 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses III Adverb Clauses That Modify Verbs An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb in the main clause. Adverb clauses are introduced by subordinating conjunctions such as these: after, although, as if, as soon as, because, if, in order that, since, though, unless, when, whenever, where, wherever, while. An adverb clause that modifies a main clause verb usually tells when, where, how, or why. To diagram a complex sentence with an adverb clause modifying a verb, first diagram the main clause, even if it comes second in the sentence. Next diagram the adverb clause, placing it below the main clause. Connect the clauses with a dotted line that begins under the modified verb in the main clause and slants down to the verb in the adverb clause. Last, place the conjunction on the dotted line. Study this example. Example As soon as the guest of honor arrives, the award ceremony will begin. ceremony will begin MAIN CLAUSE modified verb As co nj on d so ar e aw th . as guest e of th Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. arrives ADVERB CLAUSE verb honor Notice that the sentence begins with the adverb clause, but the diagram begins with the main clause. The adverb clause “As soon as the guest of honor arrives” modifies will begin, telling when an event will begin, so it is shown under that verb. EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. Richard has studied ants since he was in kindergarten. Sentence Diagraming 53 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 38 Continued 2. Whenever he found anything written about ants, he read and memorized it. 3. His friends and family members even searched for ant material because they knew of his fascination with ants. 54 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. Although he already knows a great deal about the topic, Richard is determined to become an expert on ants. Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 39 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses IV Adverb Clauses That Modify Adjectives and Adverbs An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb in the main clause. An adverb clause that modifies an adjective or adverb usually tells how much about that modifier. Such an adverb clause is usually introduced by the subordinating conjunction than. To diagram a complex sentence with an adverb clause modifying a modifier, first diagram the main clause. Then diagram the adverb clause, placing it below the main clause. Connect the clauses with a dotted line that begins under the modified adjective or adverb in the main clause and slants down to the verb in the adverb clause. If the modifier is already on a slant line, the dotted line must be bent, as shown in the example below. Last, place the conjunction on the dotted line. Study this example. Example Today Darren left his office earlier than he usually does. Darren left office MAIN CLAUSE m ed ifi od . nj co s er an ay th rli hi ea d To ad ADVERB CLAUSE verb rb does ve he us ua Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. lly The adverb clause “than he usually does” modifies earlier, telling how much earlier. Therefore, the dotted line of the conjunction begins at earlier. It extends a short distance to the left so that it will not be confused with the line under earlier, and then slants down to the verb of the subordinate clause. EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. You painted a prettier picture than I did. Sentence Diagraming 55 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 39 Continued 2. The queen ruled more powerfully than her early supporters could have imagined. 3. Books about our city are even rarer than you might suppose. 56 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. This station has broadcast classical music longer than any other station in the United States has. Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 40 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses V More Than One Subordinate Clause A complex sentence may have both an adjective clause and an adverb clause, or more than one of one kind. To diagram a complex sentence with two or more adjective or adverb clauses, first identify each subordinate clause and the word that each one modifies. Then diagram the main clause. Next, diagram each subordinate clause and draw a dotted line to connect the subordinate clause to the word it modifies. Finally, write the subordinating conjunctions of adverb clauses on their dotted lines. Study this example. The first subordinate clause is an adjective clause modifying movie; the second is an adverb clause modifying the verb saw. Example I rented the movie that you saw when it opened in theaters. I rented MAIN CLAUSE movie modified noun th e you saw ADJECTIVE CLAUSE that modified verb co w nj he . n it rel. pron. opened ADVERB CLAUSE verb in theaters EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. Make sure that you connect each subordinate clause to the correct word. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. I liked the actress who played the villain, though her part was small. Sentence Diagraming 57 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 40 Continued 2. The director, whose films are always popular, has again produced a movie that will attract crowds. 3. Because Dave loves mysteries, he probably saw this film earlier than I saw it. 58 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. As you hear the score, you notice themes that are associated with various characters. Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 41 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I A noun clause is a subordinate clause used as a noun. Noun clauses may be used wherever nouns are used, including as subjects, objects, and objects of prepositions. Some noun clauses are introduced by pronouns such as who, whom, and whatever. Others are introduced by adverbs such as how, where, and why. Unlike adjective and adverb clauses, a noun clause is an inseparable part of the main clause, and it is diagramed within the main clause. The position of a noun clause in the main clause diagram depends on its role in the sentence. Used as Subjects To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as the subject, first draw the diagram frame for the main clause. If you like, fill in other elements of the main clause. Then draw a stilt on the main clause baseline where the subject belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Use that baseline to diagram the noun clause as you would any other clause, with one added rule: Place the verb of the noun clause immediately above the stilt. (Note: Use of that as a special introductory word is discussed in Lesson 43.) Study this example. Example What your team really needs is a strong quarterback. team needs What NOUN CLAUSE re ly ur al yo is MAIN CLAUSE quarterback str a g Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. on EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. Whoever scores the most runs wins the game. Sentence Diagraming 59 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 41 Continued 2. How football is played has changed over the years. 3. Who will compete in the playoffs will not be known for several weeks. 60 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. Whatever the coach said to the players during halftime certainly inspired great play. Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 42 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II Used as Direct Objects To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as direct object, first draw a diagram frame for the main clause and fill in the subject, the verb, and a vertical line to separate the verb from the object. Then draw a stilt on the main clause baseline where the object belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Use that baseline to diagram the noun clause, placing the verb of the noun clause immediately above the stilt. See the example. (Note: Use of that as a special introductory word is discussed in Lesson 43.) Example A good trainer gives players whatever help they need. they need NOUN NOUN CLAUSE CLAUSE help w ha gives te MAIN CLAUSE ve trainer r go A od players EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Speaking at the rally, Ms. Ames predicted how many medals her swimmers will win. 2. Both the swimmers and the other students hope she is right. Sentence Diagraming 61 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 43 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III Introduced by That The pronoun that may introduce a noun clause in which it takes a role. For example, that is the subject of the noun clause in this sentence, ”We know that is true.” However, the word that may also introduce a noun clause without being part of it, as in “We know that this fact is true.” The diagram for this second sentence must indicate the difference in its use of that. Therefore, when you diagram a complex sentence in which that only introduces a noun clause, write that on its own solid line above the verb of the noun clause, as shown here. Draw a vertical dotted line from that to the verb of the noun clause. Example We know that this fact is true. that fact is “that” NOUN CLAUSE true th is MAIN CLAUSE We know EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. That the game lasted so long surprised both teams. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. The weather forecaster predicts that tomorrow will be sunny. 62 Sentence Diagraming Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 44 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV Used as Objects of Prepositions To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as the object of a preposition, first diagram the other elements of the main clause. Where the prepositional phrase involving the noun clause relates to the main clause, draw a long slant line for the preposition. Place a stilt on the horizontal line where the object of the preposition belongs, and draw a second baseline on top of the stilt. Finally, diagram the noun clause on the second baseline. Study this example. Example Tickets are available for whichever night you prefer. Tickets are available fo you prefer MAIN CLAUSE night NOUN CLAUSE r w hi ch ev er EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Exchange papers with whoever is beside you. 2. Your seat assignment depends on when you arrive. Sentence Diagraming 63 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 44 Continued 3. The winner may keep the prize in whichever box he or she chooses. 4. Your grade will be affected by how well you do today. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 64 Sentence Diagraming Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 45 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V Used as Indirect Objects To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as the indirect object, begin by diagraming the subject and verb of the main clause. Draw a bent line as for an indirect object, but make the slant part of the line long enough to allow space for the noun clause. Draw a stilt on the horizontal part of the line, and place a second baseline on top of the stilt. Diagram the noun clause on the second baseline. Study this example. Example Tell whoever arrives late about the schedule change. (you) Tell ou arrives ab whoever MAIN CLAUSE t change NOUN CLAUSE la sc e he th te du le EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. The candidate gave whomever he met a campaign badge. 2. At every house, Anita asked whoever answered the door for a donation. Sentence Diagraming 65 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 46 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses VI Used as Predicate Nominatives To diagram a complex sentence with a noun clause used as a predicate nominative, first diagram the subject and verb of the main clause, and draw a slant line after the verb to separate it from the predicate nominative. Place a stilt on the main clause baseline where the predicate nominative belongs. On top of the stilt, draw a second baseline. Diagram the noun clause on that baseline. Study this example. The subject of the sentence is an infinitive phrase. Note the differences between that phrase and a noun clause. Example To play in the World Series is what every baseball player dreams of. player of ev er To play NOUN CLAUSE dreams what y in World Series MAIN CLAUSE th e is EXERCISE Diagram each complex sentence. 1. A good actress temporarily becomes whomever she is portraying onstage. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. Westhaven Photo Mart is where I usually take my film. 66 Sentence Diagraming Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 47 Compound-Complex Sentences I A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more main clauses and at least one subordinate clause. To diagram a compound-complex sentence, first identify each clause as a main clause, a noun clause, or an adjective or adverb clause. Then identify which main clause is completed or modified by each subordinate clause. Last, diagram each main clause and its related subordinate clause(s) in the order the main clauses take in the sentence. Be careful to connect all clauses correctly. With a Noun Clause The simplest compound-complex sentence has three clauses, two main and one subordinate. The example below is of a compound-complex sentence having a noun clause within one of the main clauses. Study the example. Example You can wear whatever you want, but come on time! you You want can wear but (you) whatever MAIN CLAUSE #1 come on time NOUN CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE #2 EXERCISE Diagram each compound-complex sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. I wonder who sent the flowers; they are lovely. Sentence Diagraming 67 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 47 Continued 2. What the archaeologists discovered was very unusual, and at first nobody could identify it. 3. The temperature is pleasant at the moment, but we expect that a warm front will arrive soon. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 68 Sentence Diagraming Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 48 Compound-Complex Sentences II With an Adjective or Adverb Clause The example below shows a compound-complex sentence with two main clauses and two subordinate clauses—both an adjective clause and an adverb clause. Study the example to see how the rules for diagraming both compound and complex sentences are followed in diagraming a compound-complex sentence. Example After she searched for weeks, Gina got an afterschool job that pays well; now she can save for college. Gina got job af te an that MAIN CLAUSE #1 rs ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVECLAUSE CLAUSE el l w r oo te ch Af pays l she fo can save r she ADVERB ADVERBCLAUSE CLAUSE searched r fo w no college weeks MAIN CLAUSE #2 EXERCISE Diagram each compound-complex sentence. Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 1. Have they decoded the message that the agent transmitted secretly, or do they need help? Sentence Diagraming 69 Name !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Date !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 48 Continued 2. My boss left early because he felt ill, and now I must close the store by myself. 3. I would really like to score the winning goal, but I will be happy as long as we win! Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 70 Sentence Diagraming PART I Lesson 3 Compound Subjects and Predicates I 1. Children Phyllis 1. may win or Lesson 1 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates I you play Jason (you) Stop 2. Eric 3. Listen Parrots Coach Bush 3. fly Ms. Lu 1. 2. Kim is concentrating you Have eaten officiated Laura 4. Carla Neither nor Lesson 2 Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates II and 4. (you) participated Both and 2. could come Lesson 4 Compound Subjects and Predicates II 4. Workers 5. Professor White 6. Jackie Smith 8. We lost are protesting stayed (you) Everyone Can sing talked soared 3. Stop everyone 2. and will speak Kites dipped reading Must recite 4. Sentence Diagraming Janine was neither nor 7. 1. but 3. helped both and Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. competed Mr. Robertson writing 71 Lesson 5 Compound Subjects and Predicates III Men le ak y and tle groaned tulips 3. es d Th compete are opening re Lois lit booed ch Spectators hi 2. sank boat 2. W cheered slept e children participated Th women baby 1. and 1. Lesson 7 Adjectives and Adverbs I e Will or Matt or 3. you watch ic us m r la pu po y an and Dawn Both and 4. will appear M trained Bernie groups 4. ran won Lesson 6 Compound Subjects and Predicates IV Lesson 8 Adjectives and Adverbs II 1. Keisha paused br ie were falling we he drew Wait qu and acrobats Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 4. on 2. re tly (you) performed ie 3. will gallop ay they So 2. aw rain Both and 1. fly snow 3. (you) e er ly er rli fe th Ea follow had been skating sa and Listen roses or 4. Are blooming peonies 72 Sentence Diagraming run Lesson 9 Adjectives and Adverbs III st and can horse fa 4. grow weeds jump bl ac at k er y sk pe er y V ev Th 1. hi yw gh he re 2. Dale Lesson 11 Adjectives and Adverbs V answered he sit th ol ak ne le and d O tly er an ra sank boat 1. y sister 3. phones of at ll bl ye lly -e fu ng ch ei e ka y child ended speech 3. played na ll e H lly ng on and Fi du lo e al e y th sh th 4. but w sti se Th e ar iv m at n lk re y te ta M lay dog 2. ab itu al ly nf fu en er id w e and co po Th Lesson 10 Adjectives and Adverbs IV swung batter 4. t l sta and We in ly cheered Lesson 12 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects I nt 1. members 2. They 3. trip us ss rio la ly may rent bus a chicks demands and ly 4. students have held te al fund-raisers tw o ad e re Th re r al he te e La th practice ua ur will eq at e N th r band funds ad he meet 3. destinations C ud Both and survived ur 2. are considering va 1. lo hen yo Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. rose y Sentence Diagraming 73 dragged Lesson 13 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects II y explain its a e lp e he th fu 4. Captain Ellis l and th agent himself tour gr ea Gary but and t guide e ra Ruby charged l and introduced Th ve fee a l s n’ al lta campground sm Zo a operators sent r committee hi Lesson 16 Subject Complements I s is 2. Murder 3. Mrs. Wing was tapes are fa a courtroom ou is m Th Lesson 15 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects IV site 1. s e Passengers aircraft th was charge th 1. took e and boarded seats th ei r juror al te an rn at e 4. au e o es di Th 74 evidence Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. tipped ei Ruby guide th ul and ef e 6. and us Th Zoltan thanked Gary information and 2. passengers gave 5. se contacted welcomed a hotels committee advantages deposit Lesson 14 Direct Objects and Indirect Objects III 1. av r Did send ur l class he (you) idea me yo 3. tte ca be a lo 3. s t A us pushed Tell deal may give suitcase gh os company Amos hi customers M 2. 2. prices and charge and airlines hi 1. Lesson 17 Subject Complements II trial is remarkable 2. I 3. Paul 4. Ali er nt appears considered silly argument ei frightened r yo un e g burglary e green T-shirt final r Is dyed he decision Rushmore dog s involves calls hi case Th township ro e ju th ’ declared disaster r a testimony e are giving governor Th parents 5. ou rs county xt e th ei r im e ct Th vi ne th 5. wrong Sam th defendant Th 4. proved th rre e 3. Kim ra cu Th 2. 1. and 1. Lesson 19 Object Complements ’s 6. reporters have been present fre N tly ap en sp qu ew 1. lawyers have been and logical Bo th persuasive 2. defendant was ex and happy e tre Th grateful m el y lawyer a 3. Carl will be either or Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. er Lesson 18 Subject Complements III doctor a Sentence Diagraming 75 Lesson 19, continued witty Critics and delightful e mayor play th audiences 7. found and 6. declared holiday today a Th e consider tio na l M and na st e Americans fir th 8. heroes astronauts feats an recall y th pr ei dl r ou y PART II Lesson 20 Appositives and Appositive Phrases 1. Washington gave heritage tre a m us (admirers) en se co ur Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ambassador an nation us s 3. had been do hi president ( John Adams) O 2. nd elected statesman (Thomas Jefferson) president th e ex e N th t 76 Sentence Diagraming Lesson 20, continued John Adams were Both and 4. presidents son (John Quincy Adams) hi s president 5. was Abraham Lincoln (Republican) a en S. e te U. six Th th Presidents’ Day (holiday) 6. is celebrated an l ly na al tio nu na a Washington It honors presidents ( ) tw and 7. o Lincoln 1. children planted Lesson 22 Prepositional Phrases II garden 1. Mandy at park th week e st g ge rin un e sunflowers will volunteer Du of a yo Th th Visitors enjoyed sight of e pe th es garden e 2. to flowers 2. team has been working r on er en fo H ly ta al e ld go ll ci th w e ne Sentence Diagraming month a trails th Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Lesson 21 Prepositional Phrases I 77 Lesson 23 Prepositional Phrases III 1. aquarium Lesson 24 Participles and Participial Phrases I is being constructed 1. she r source th mouth of ar u sing fo ne An Pa searched e noise e e nn a th of th river o yi ng th e 2. th e br o k en ap r i e n c ed chain rh at r s fo Th location pe can repair Pe perfect is ex site an 2. jeweler e of th attraction to a ur ist 3. Everyone is happy w ith on committee plans th th e e design 4. came m e fro of Th building architect th lo a e ca l design was selected m er fro H number of a 6. Students can get proposals passes e m school to fre fro Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5. aquarium th e in an y state th e 78 Sentence Diagraming Lesson 25 Participles and Participial Phrases II aircraft 1. rose to c st e people air November of ng th r yi in in fir Th ar e 2. aircraft was 1783 basket a Th at lif te d by balloon a 3. balloon was filled ith e tr u w Th co ns cte d air ho t by brothers on e M th tg ol fie r 4. i e so Th ga engine nv led lin development e 1800s of th in e aircraft m od te e la th er n 5. brothers breakthrough a rig W experiments e n ning made th Ru ht in shop bi cy cl o r hi ei O th e 6. produced fo flight ar d a th gh rw r fo ou propellor speed en e engine ri v ing aircraft d of Th Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. to e nted ei r Sentence Diagraming 79 havin g Lesson 26 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases I r rin t d g od ir e Du ou go a playoffs time th e takes 1. appreciated e players fre 3. referee a Becom ing day Lesson 28 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases III Gaini ng expertise servin as referee th e ic y o kl to is r Ta easy s a’ is 2. mistake volleyball qu a 1. g no t Follow in g holdin g re gi e on al e energy to Th requires 3. will permit th addition re 2. meet he f action as t - p a c ed gym th e winni ng Lesson 27 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases II cl os e is gg es seconds t fin al e e th th G oo d 2. referee noticed so shovin g e m Th and pushi n g e 80 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. bi ball y ith avoid M w 1. players thrill in 3. game a runnin g Lesson 29 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases IV 1. speaker kept attention videos ce by en e di e au th Th showi ng ’s of work hi s report 2. was remarkable H of is witnes s ing cheetah r a un ning at speed to p 3. audience learned e ou Th ab choos ing t times r od fo go photo gr aphing animals di ffe re is responsibility e e e he r su rv to iv cubs ot skills cheetah m s t r a ti n g th demo n of th of Th al Learn i n g skills th es e 5. increases chances cu ’ of e bs th Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. nt job 4. growi ng to Sentence Diagraming adulthood 81 Lesson 30 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases I to no t gathered enough were lead ld leaders horrors or W to peace a ld I's treaty negotiate to or W ar W 1. 4. session produced will e to th unite ly e on al so to Th terms debate World War II 5. begins fin 2. e of th treaty th e 3. leaders Will fail to th agreement reach e an Lesson 31 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases II to 1. brother history study likes M y To hear report th Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. s on hi e takes 2. First Continental Congress minutes te n to treatment of G re was colonies at th an ’s ic e in er ita e Br of Th representatives Am goal 3. protest th e To declare independence fro was goal of th ap e pa England Second Continental Congress ly e nt th re 82 m 4. Sentence Diagraming PART III Lesson 32 Absolute Phrases 1. residents h Th av Lesson 33 Compound Sentences I e i n g been evacuated 1. enjoys football Mae prefers basketball sa Lou fe ly firefighters battled blaze th e All friends m y e h th av i n g been extinguished prices co m et outrageous t y ke el left were tic pl People concert e fire boycotted th of 2. 2. scene th Lesson 34 Compound Sentences II e Enid structure rd ay c t ei r fo rd ng scarce ab 2. has grown population and ce e Re of th le Kirkland nt ly searched fo in r problems have grown so c w ot ffi r ne a an tra al home ou town r ou he r et light c e ffi er e tra a th y th el bought er pl We p m should install sto co city or signs rg d r e may need la at ol ou on intersection Th 5. 3. possessions g Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ste ffi no th b Af family tra r e apartments serious were injuries ei a de th 4. accident but ol r was condemned were ye sister a ged he building 1. in Its d am and 3. furniture ne w Sentence Diagraming 83 t license dr orchestra iv er r on he so and piece or will have Enid wrote He a 4. 3. sh Lesson 34, continued ’s ty e program ne xt driver her its will make in ci th experience that will play ut ly us ab io r ob ca a pr he began composing Mozart 4. as yo un g ho se and closed schools uneventful Lesson 37 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses II 1. is coming week fa st ol e ho is Th sc th study we architecture exam take en tra e or nc n contractor a buildings 2. library is place on th I ly e e Th can study w Lesson 36 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses I Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. likes e he th w may become he w tly e In a January has been year Dave child th blizzard but 2. ea y city paralyzed 1. gr m Lesson 35 Compound Sentences III work admires a friend he re is friend 1. talented ve of A mine ry who attends academy m a us ic 2. Gregor composes music r te fo of n he 84 likes poems that Sentence Diagraming Lesson 38 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses III 1. Richard has studied ants sin ce he was in kindergarten read he it and 2. W memorized he ne ve r he found anything w r itte n ab ou t ants friends H have searched is us e m ily knew of fascination is ith s Richard w hi 4. ants determined to Al th expert become he knows on gh an ou ants deal ad t ou ab t ea re gr a al y topic th e Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. ca be they t fa material an r en members fo ev and 3. Sentence Diagraming 85 movie a ai n that picture films al w did 3. s se ay ho r an tie th et w pr a I saw he film th is er e w mysteries loves fu an lly e th or er m e Dave I could have imagined r rly he ea 4. notice you that ith score hear characters rio t e va th an en ou us ou you are associated th ev ab city you it w rarer saw themes As are Books 3. rli ly an ab us po Th supporters th ob ca ruled ea pr Be queen 2. hit will be popular are a painted e You has produced director Th 1. 2. ag Lesson 39 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses IV might suppose r has broadcast station 4. Lesson 41 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses I music cl scores runs os e t has m th station he y in ot an r wins 1. United States game th e th e football I liked actress e gh who villain years th th e e small played has changed er ou was 2. ov th th part ow 1. is played H Lesson 40 Complex Sentences with Adjective or Adverb Clauses V he r 86 Sentence Diagraming Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. an al th er sic is ng as lo Th Whoever Lesson 41, continued Lesson 43 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses III will compete Who in lasted game th e will be known ng r t fo no so e lo th 3. That playoffs weeks surprised se 1. ve teams l bo ra th said coach Whatever that du rin e to th players g th halftime e inspired 4. play gr forecaster predicts ea e er ly th in t Th ea r ta Lesson 44 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses IV will win medals 1. Exchange (you) m r y w ith ho w an he whoever is be sid e you p e a ng ki S at rally 2. assignment depends r on at e u Yo se th arrive you w 3. winner may keep e or in chooses box hi r ch e he w ot th she th e students prize he Th Both and hope right n e 2. is he she swimmers th Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. papers predicted Ms. Ames 1. sunny w ce 2. Lesson 42 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses II swimmers will be tomorrow ev er 4. grade will be affected u Yo you r do l y ho da el to w by w Sentence Diagraming 87 Lesson 45 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses V 1. badge gave candidate ca a pa e whomever m Th met he ig n 2. Anita asked door r answered whoever fo At house donation a y e er th ev Lesson 46 Complex Sentences with Noun Clauses VI she whomever is portraying on sta actress ge 1. becomes te po od m go A ra ril y I film take m y lly re is ua he Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 88 Westhaven Photo Mart us w 2. Sentence Diagraming Lesson 47 Compound-Complex Sentences I flowers sent who Lesson 48 Compound-Complex Sentences II they 1. Have decoded message they are or agent transmitted What th ca rly y us ve could identify it he at is myself pleasant e moment to at Th w i n ning re al ly but so m on ar expect would like will arrive w a we I goal e e front 3. score th that th but I will be happy as lo ng as Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. store e temperature ill th w by no 3. felt must close I first e ry and and nobody be ea unusual left M e was 2. boss 2. help ly discovered do need et archeologists they cr e lovely that se wonder th I e e th th 1. we Sentence Diagraming win 89