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Team Members: ____________________________________________ Block: ___________________ Southwest Asia: Trial Objectives Political Instructions: The following primary and secondary sources are designed to provide your legal firm with the information needed to formulate arguments that will show that the societies you represent have met and exceeded the challenges posed by the following four questions. Use your time wisely and provide responses with proof that your culture has shown the best answers to these questions on earth for this time period. Be aware that other trial teams have access to this information as well and will be looking for weaknesses in your arguments. Be prepared to defend your assertions. 1. How should the ruler act? 2. What is the role of law in society? 3. What role does the individual play in the governance of this society? 4. How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society? Objective: Identify the ways in which the political systems of Southwest Asia led to prosperity, security, and growth. 1. Use the chronology of Southwest Asia to identify political developments that show prosperity, security, and growth in the respective societies. Be prepared to identify the cultures and the developments. (This can be in the areas of law, conquest, architecture, religious movements, economic improvements, etc.) a. ________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ b. ________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ c. ________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ d. ________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ e. ________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ f. ________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ g. _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ h. _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ I. ________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ j. _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ k. _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ l. _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ m. ______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ n. _______________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE ARAB MUSLIM CIVILIZATION 6th Century Bedouin pastoralists; society = tribes, clans, kin, blood feuds; courage society plagued by warfare. Religious traditions include animism, gods, each tribe had a chief deity; society male oriented 500 CE Few oasis towns linked by trading caravans to SW Asia; some sedentary agriculture in oases, Yemen. Towns center of Christian, Jewish ideas; Mecca center of polytheistic pilgrimage to Kaaba 595 CE Muhammad married rich widow; women had economic roles, sat in councils; many female poets. Some evidence of matrilineal inheritance; men paid bride price 610 CE Muhammad gets message of Islam: Koran, 5 Pillars: preaching not accepted by polytheist Meccans 622 CE Muhammad flees to Medina, sets up Muslim state; decrees toleration of Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians 630 CE Conquered Mecca, destroyed Kaaba idols; creates absolutist theocracy backed by Bedouin army 632 CE Muhammad’s pilgrimage to Mecca set model required of all faithful Muslims 634 CE 1st Caliph Abu Bakr becomes caliph after Muhammad’s death; conquest of Arabia complete 640 CE Arabs build garrison towns, cities; establish taxation: Muslims tithe, non-Muslims pay head, land tax 644 CE 2nd Caliph Omar conquered Persian Empire; conquered Egypt, Syria from Byzantines; Arabs form ruling, commercial elite; majority of subjects include free farmers, herdsmen, serfs, slaves 650 – 800 CE Arab maritime trade in Indian Ocean facilitates exchanges of ideas, diseases, people, goods, crops 652 CE Muslims establish peace treaty with Christian Nubians which lasts 500 years; trade, exchanges arise 655 CE Rise of Arab navy, maritime skills leads to Muslim conquest of Sicily, Crete, Sardinia, Cyprus 656 CE 3rd Caliph Uthman moves capital to Damascus; ordered compilation of official Koran 657 CE Foundation of Kharijis sect of Islam: egalitarian form denouncing ethnic, class differences 661 CE 4th Calpih Ali assassinated during civil war; new Umayyad Dynasty supports majority Muslims (Sunni) 7th Century Office of Caliph becomes hereditary; Arab conquest state, small Arab Muslim military aristocracy. Decentralized government, local governors; foreign bureaucrats, nonArab Muslims denied influence 680 CE Wars with Byzantine Empire, Armenia reach relative stalemate; diplomatic relations, trade follows 684 CE Split of Shia, Sunni; Shia rejected traditions not in Quran, await messiah, popular with non-Arabs 685 CE Arabic official language of the empire, replaces Greek, Aramaic, Coptic; Quran only written in Arabic 692 CE Dome of the Rock Mosque completed, uses geometry as style; all prayers oriented towards Mecca 697 CE Gold, silver coins introduced for trade, tax; coins in Arabic, no images allowed on coins, in art 8th Century Growth of non-Arab Muslims; majority subjects were People of the Book, paid taxes, cultural autonomy. Elites were bureaucrats, merchants, landlords; Quran accepts wealth, merchants if they tithe to poor 8th Century Cities become manufacturing centers; industry dominated by textiles, leather, metal, glass, pottery. Muslim law based on Quran, teachings of prophet, analogy, consensus of scholars; governs life 711 – 713 CE Muslim conquest of river valleys of Central Asia, Indus River; no permanent settlement, raid and tribute 715 CE Grand Mosque in Damascus blended Arab austerity, geometric shapes with Byzantine dome, arches 718 CE Conquest of North Africa, Spain; Berber nomads convert to Shia Islam; North African merchants. Introduce Islam to West Africa; success leads to rise of Trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt, slaves, ivory 730 CE Arab tribes migrate to North Africa, displaced Berbers in Egypt, Libya; Arab administrators settle cities 732 CE Franks stop Muslim invasion of Europe at Tours; Christian states in Northern Iberia resist Islam 737 CE War with Turkish Khazars in Southern Russia establish a raid, trade, tribute pattern for 200 years 750 CE Umayyad princes murdered; Abbasids establish new dynasty, revolution ended Arab caste supremacy. Empire reaches largest extent; extensive trade, commerce link increasingly urban culture 751 CE Battle of Talas – Muslims acquire paper from Chinese; Arabs establish paper factories, printing, books 754 CE Caliph al-Mansur centralized bureaucracy; used Persians as bureaucrats; Persian is language of elite 756 CE Muslim rival caliphate in Spain; beginning of breakaway Muslim states in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia 786 CE Harun al Rashid built new capital in Baghdad; government, bureaucracy dominated by Persians 788 CE Independent Shia caliphate in Morocco supported by Berber pastoralists resisting Bedouin migrations 789 CE Al-Khayzuran, wife of caliph, mother of two caliphs creates tradition of harem politics, influences state 9th Century Agriculture flourishes; great variety of crops; large estates; lands increasingly worked by serfs, slaves 830 CE House of Wisdom founded in Baghdad, translates Greek, Syriac into Arabic; world center of learning 833 CE Military units of Turks, slaves first used; replace Arab, tribal armies; becomes model in Muslim world 836 CE Government, caliph dependent on large Turkish bodyguards; government increasingly isolated 847 CE Al Khwarizmi died; great mathematician who introduced Arabs to Hindu numbers, zero, decimals 850 CE Hadith or sayings attributed to Muhammad compiled, used as part of Sunni tradition, denied by Shia 868 CE Independent caliphate in Egypt; Abbasids increasingly limited to rule of Fertile Crescent, Arabia 869 CE Black slave rebellion in Iraq; slaves labored in domestic, commercial, military occupations. In Quran, slavery permitted, only non-Muslims could be slaves; lucrative slave trade of all races 897 CE Rebellion of Shia Ismaili Muslims; demand social justice, use violence against other Islamic rulers 10th Century 50% of population Muslim; class of religious leaders, scholars (ulama) emerged. Great prosperity based on control of trade routes, internal trade; wide exchange of goods, products. New technologies, sugarcane, cotton, rice, citrus: improved farming yields, diets: population increases 912 CE Cordoba in Spain the intellectual center of Europe, center of Muslim learning, arts, culture. Merchants, scholars, artists, artisans, writers, professionals arise as a large, influential class in cities 925 CE Death of al-Razi: diagnosed many diseases, based studies on observation; taught women birth control 934 – 940 CE Caliphate bankrupt; hedonistic lifestyles overtax treasury; breakdown of irrigation in Iraq direct result 940 CE Semi-independent dynasties of Shia, Berber, Persians, Kurds fragment Arab empire, increase warfare 945 CE Persian Buyids reduce caliphs to puppets; decline of women in society; use of veil, harem common 950 CE Development of Sufi orders as centers of prayer, instruction, pilgrimage; worship of saints arises. Emergence of madrasa, Muslim religious college funded by wealthy; studies – religion, law, Arabic 969 CE Shia Fatimids in Egypt, rivals Abbasids; land prosperous, agriculture flourished; control spice trade 969 CE Cairo (Egypt) founded as military, government center; becomes commercial, cultural center of Muslims 980 CE Ibn Sina authority on medicine; cities had dispensaries, apothecaries, hospitals, medical schools 11th Century Migration of pastoral Turks into SW Asia; flocks ruin farmland, disrupt irrigation; agriculture declines 1050 CE Travel, trade by caravan, ship – wheeled transport declines; goods, people, ideas move across borders 1055 CE Muslim Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad, create military sultans as real power behind caliph 1071 CE Seljuks drive Byzantines out of Anatolia; establish independent Muslim sultanate in modern Turkey 1090 CE Seljuks pay troops with grants of serfs, land; grants become hereditary, practice spreads in SW Asia 1090 CE Assassins (Shia Ismaili) sect spread terror through assassinations of leading Muslim leaders 1096 CE 1st of eight crusades by Christians; crusades revived commerce, exchanges between Europe, SW Asia 1126 CE Ibn Rush leading philosopher; Muslims translate Greek classics of Aristotle, Plato into Arabic 1180 CE Caliph al-Nasir supports brotherhoods, guilds organizing craftsmen, city workers around social justice 1204 CE Death of Maimonides, Jewish scholar, doctor to Sultan of Egypt; Jewish community wealthy, influential 1250 CE Mameluk slave soldiers come to power in Egypt; soldiers, administrators rule through local Arabs 1258 CE Baghdad sacked by Mongols; last Abbasid caliph murdered; conquered Iraq, Anatolia, Iran, Caucasus 1260 CE Mameluks of Egypt halt Mongol advance, seize Syria, Palestine, Holy Cities in Arabia Objective: How should a ruler act? 2. What seems to be the most important act of an Arab ruler for the people of the Arabian Peninsula? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Then I swear by the temple, round which walk the men who built it from the tribes of Quraysh and Turhum. An oath, that you are verily two excellent chiefs, who are found worthy of honor in every condition, between ease and distress. The two endeavourers’ from the tribe of Ghaiz bin Murrah strove in making peace after the connection between the tribes had become broken, on account of the shedding of blood. You repaired with peace the condition of the tribes of Abs and Zubyan, after they had fought with one another, and ground up the perfume of Manshim between them. And indeed you said, 'if we bring about peace perfectly by the spending of money and the conferring of benefits, and by good words, we shall be safe from the danger of the two tribes, destroying each other.' (Primary Source) Pre-Islamic Arabia: The Hanged Poems, from The Poem of Zuhair, before 622 CE Objective: How should the ruler act? 3. Based on this text how do the Arabs see Muhammad as a ruler? Who decided that he should be the one to rule them? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “[A learned man] told me that some of the apostle's companions asked him to tell them about himself. He said: "I am what Abraham my father prayed for and the good news of [my brother] Jesus. When my mother was carrying me she saw a light proceeding from her which showed her the castles of Syria. I was suckled among the B. Sa'd b. Bakr, and while I was with a brother of mine behind our tents shepherding the lambs, two men in white raiment came to me with a gold basin full of snow. Then they seized me and opened up my belly, extracted my heart and split it; then they extracted a black drop from it and threw it away; then they washed my heart and my belly with that snow until they had thoroughly cleansed them. Then one said to the other, weigh him against ten of his people; they did so and I outweighed them. Then they weighed me against a hundred and then a thousand, and I outweighed them. He said, 'Leave him alone, for by God, if you weighed him against all his people he would outweigh them.” (Secondary Source) Ibn Ishaq, Arab historian, from his Life of Muhammad, written around 750 CE Objective: What role does the individual play in the governance of this society? 4. What role is Muhammad asking his people to play in providing for the security and happiness of the people of this society? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ "O People, lend me an attentive ear, for I don't know whether, after this year, I shall ever be amongst you again. Therefore listen to what I am saying to you carefully and take these words to those who could not be present here today. O People, just as you regard this month, this day, this city as Sacred, so regard the life and property of every Muslim as a sacred trust. Return the goods entrusted to you to their rightful owners. Hurt no one so that no one may hurt you. Remember that you will indeed meet your Lord, and that He will indeed reckon your deeds. Allah forbidden you to take usury (Interest), therefore all interest obligation shall henceforth be waived. Beware of Satan, for your safety of your religion. He has lost all hope that he will ever be able to lead you astray in big things, so beware of following him in small things…” (Primary Source) The Prophet Muhammad’s Last Sermon, delivered in Mecca, 632 CE Objective: How should the ruler act? 5. What traits are the first Caliph, Abu Bakr, saying that an Islamic ruler should have in order to be considered fit to rule? How does Abu Bakr personally set limits on his own authority as Caliph? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Abu Bakr spoke and praised and lauded God as it fitting, and then he said: O people, I have been appointed to rule over you, though I am not the best among you. If I do well, help me, and if I do ill, correct me. Truth is loyalty and falsehood is treachery; the weak among you is strong in my eyes until I get justice for him, please God, and the strong among you is weak in my eyes until I exact justice from him, please God. If any people holds back from fighting the holy war for God, God strikes them with degradation. If weakness spreads among a people, God brings disaster upon all of them. Obey me as long as I obey God and His Prophet. And if I disobey God and His Prophet, you do not owe me obedience. Come to prayer, and may God have mercy on you.” (Primary Source) The Accession Speech of Abu Bakr (632 C.E.) Objective: How should the ruler act? 6. According to Al-Farabi, the most important thinker of the Muslim Caliphates, what qualities are important in a ruler? In your view, would this kind of ruler provide peace, security, and prosperity for the people? Explain how. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “This is the sovereign over whom no other human being has any sovereignty whatsoever; he is the Imam; he is the first sovereign of the excellent city, he is the sovereign of the excellent nation, and the sovereign of the universal state. But this state can only be reached by a man in whom twelve natural qualities are found together, with which he is endowed by birth. (1) One of them is that he should have limbs and organs which are free from deficiency and strong, and that they will make him fit for the actions which depend on them…(2) He should by nature be good at understanding and perceiving everything said to him…(3) He should be good at retaining what he comes to know and see and hear and apprehend in general…(4) He should be well provided with ready intelligence and very bright….(5) He should have a fine diction, his tongue enabling him to explain to perfection all…(6) He should be fond of learning and acquiring knowledge…(7) He should by nature be fond of truth and truthful men and hate falsehood and liars. (8) He should by nature not crave for food and drink and sexual intercourse, and have a natural aversion to gambling and hatred of pleasures which these pursuits provide. (9) He should be proud of spirit and fond of honour…(10) Dirham and dinar (money) and the other worldly pursuits should be of little amount in his view. (11) He should by nature be fond of justice and of just people, and hate oppression and injustice and those who practice them, giving himself and others their due, and urging people to act justly and showing pity to those who are oppressed by injustice;…he should be reluctant to give in if he is asked to do injustice and evil altogether. (12) He should be strong in setting his mind firmly upon the thing which, in his view, ought to be done, and daringly and bravely carry it out with fear and weak-mindedness.” (Primary Source) Al-Farabi: The Perfect State Objective: How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society? 7. Does the fact that the Islamic Caliphates were ruled by one man who was the political and religious leader of the society lead the Caliphates to reject furthering science? According to Al-Ghazzali, should mathematics and religion be separated? Why or why not? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “It is therefore a great injury to religion to suppose that the defense of Islam involves the condemnation of the exact sciences. The religious law contains nothing which approves them or condemns them, and in their turn they make no attack on religion. The words of the Prophet, “The sun and the moon are two signs of the power of God: they are not eclipsed for the birth or the death of any one; when you see these signs take refuge in prayer and invoke the name of God”- these words, I say, do not in any way condemn the astronomical calculations which define the orbits of these two bodies, their conjunction and opposition according to particular laws.” (Primary Source) “On the Separation of Mathematics and Religion” Al-Ghazzali Objective: How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society? 8. How did the Islamic Caliphs contribute to the cultural growth of their society? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “Between the 8th and 13th centuries, the Abbasid dynasty oversaw the Golden Age of Islam. Muslim scholars, especially in Baghdad's House of Wisdom, studied the works of classical antiquity and other cultures throughout the empire, and then added their own experience, insight and analysis. The result was a flowering of Islamic culture, the preservation of knowledge through Europe's Dark Ages and important achievements in the fields of art & literature, science and medicine. The most significant Islamic contribution to the West may be in mathematics, as Muslim scholars refined the Arabic number system used by most of the world today and developed algebra.” (Secondary Source) Education Portal Services, World History 101 Objective: How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society? 9. How did the Islamic Caliphate treat non-Muslims? Do you think they treated pagans and Zoroastrians differently? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “We believe in God, and in what hath been sent down to us, and what hath been sent down to Abraham, and Ismael, and Isaac, and Jacob, and the tribes, and in what was given to Moses, and Jesus, and the Prophets, from their Lord. We make no difference between them. And to Him are we resigned (Muslims)…Verily, they who believe (Muslims), and they who follow the Jewish religion, and the Christians, and the Sabeites – whoever of these believeth in God and the last day, and doeth that which is right, shall have their reward with their Lord. Fear shall not come upon them, neither shall they be grieved.” (Primary Source) The Qur’an Objective: What is the role of law in this society? 10. As Muslims expanded out of Arabia what was the reality for conquered people as far as following their own laws? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Arabic Empire in the early periods of classical Islam treated its dhimmis with varying degrees of tolerance; this allowed the Jewish dhimmis to evolve as an individual society under Islam that still possessed many similarities to its dominant government. When the first Islamic military forces occupied the new territories inhabited by Jews, the armies settled largely in their own camps, estranged from the native people. The Muslims in these camps established themselves as rulers and preserved identities separate to that of their conquered subjects, but in doing so the new rulers usually left local law to the native administrators. Such “benign neglect allowed for a considerable degree of internal autonomy”. The discrimination between the conquered and conquerors continued as a necessary social institution. This tradition under Islam was founded in the belief that the Jews and other dhimmis refused the true faith and thus were inherently inferior to Muslims by choice. Unlike the natural subjugation of women and slaves, an unbeliever could escape his status by simply accepting the true faith, yet many Jews (in a Muslim perspective) willfully rejected the option.” - (Secondary Source) Linda Broughton, Jewish Life under Early Islam: Social, Legal, and Religious Life in the Muslim Empire during the Seventh through the Eleventh Centuries Objective: What is the role of law in this society? 11. What did the government of the Caliphate base its’ legal system on? How did it incorporate the cultures it conquered? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Why would it be a natural tendency for the Caliphate to splinter into smaller kingdoms on its fringes when it stretched from Spain to India? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “The Abbasids set up a bureaucracy of absolute authority under the religious Sharia law that was based on the Qur’an. This absolute authority is symbolized by the ever present Royal Executioner at the side of each caliph. The empire was soon governed by mostly Persian bureaucrats in the Persian bureaucratic style with a Wazir (vizier in Egyptian) as the chief operating officer. Persian would soon largely take over control of the empire after the first century. The empire would also begin to break up into many smaller Muslim kingdoms still recognizing the religious authority of the Abbasid Caliph but not necessarily the Political authority. They moved the capital to Baghdad.” (Secondary Source) Mr. Jensen Objective: How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society? 13. In what ways did Islam attract outsiders? How did its’ spread improve the lives of the people under the Caliphate? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “Muslims rarely forced people to convert to their religion, often preferring to levy a special tax on minority communities instead. The famous jihad, or holy war described by the prophet Muhammad, wa s mainly used for defense of the faith, not forced conversion, though there were exceptions. But the success of Muslim armies could create a context in which other people found it prudent to convert, or in which they were attracted to the religion simply because of its manifest power and triumph. In other instances, Islam spread through more spontaneous conversions as people learned of it through trade and missionary activity. The religion was clearly attractive, with an explicit set of beliefs about what to do and what not to do in order to win access to heaven and avoid a lamentable eternity in hell. It appealed to lower-class groups because of its commitment to charity and spiritual equality; it also legitimated merchant activity more than did most belief systems at the time, and so could attract traders.” (Secondary Source) Mr. Jensen Objective: How should the ruler act? 14. What is the political culture that influenced the Arab Caliphate the most? Why would the Abbasid Caliphate want to be identified with this Classical Empire? How would that benefit them? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “One of the earliest, and most important, changes the Abbasids made was to move the capital of the Islamic empire from the old Umayyad power base of Damascus to a new city—Baghdad. Baghdad was founded in 762 by al-Mansur on the banks of the Tigris River. The city was round in shape, and designed from the beginning to be a great capital and the center of the Islamic world. It was built not far from the old Persian capital of Ctesiphon, and its location reveals the desire of the dynasty to connect itself to Persian culture. Baghdad grew quickly with encouragement from the Abbasid state, and it was soon the largest city in the world. At Baghdad, the Persian culture that the Umayyad had attempted to suppress was now allowed to thrive. Art, poetry, and science flourished. The Abbasids learned from the Chinese (allegedly from Chinese soldiers captured in battle) the art of making paper. Cheap and durable, paper became an important material for spreading literature and knowledge.” Saylor URL: www.saylor.org/hist101 Subunit 9.3.1, The Saylor Foundation Objective: 15. What resulted from the Abbasid governments’ sponsorship of the House of Wisdom? What other achievements resulted from this political system? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “At the House of Wisdom, important ideas from around the world came together. The introduction of Indian numerals, which have become standard in the Islamic and Western worlds, greatly aided in mathematics and scientific discovery. Scholars such as Al-Kindi revolutionized mathematics and synthesized Greek philosophy with Islamic thought. Al-Biruni and Abu Nasr Mansur—among many other scholars—made important contributions to geometry and astronomy. Al-Khwarizmi, expanding upon Greek mathematical concepts, developed Algebra (the word “algorithm” is a corruption of his name). Ibn al-Haytham made important contributions to the field of optics, and is generally held to have developed the concept of the scientific method. A number of very practical innovations took place, especially in the field of agriculture. Improved methods of irrigation allowed more land to be cultivated, and new types of mills and turbines were used to reduce the need for labor (though slavery was still very common in both the countryside and cities). Crops and farming techniques were adopted from far-flung neighboring cultures. Rice, cotton, and sugar were taken from India, citrus fruits from China, and sorghum from Africa. Thanks to Islamic famers, these crops eventually made their way to the West. Such Islamic innovation would continue, even as the Abbasid government fell into chaos.” Saylor URL: www.saylor.org/hist101 Subunit 9.3.1, The Saylor Foundation Objective: How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society? 16. What services was the Umayyad offering to scholars that would travel to Spain to study? What is an advantage of having two competing Caliphates trying to attract scholars? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ “In a courtly society, the tastes and predilections of the ruler set the tone for society at large, and Abd al-Rahman II, passionately interested in both the religious and the secular sciences, was determined to show the world that his court was in no way inferior to the court of the Caliphs at Baghdad. To this end, therefore, he actively recruited scholars by offering handsome inducements to overcome their initial reluctance to live in what many from the lands in the East considered the provinces. As a result, many scholars, poets, philosophers, historians and musicians migrated to al-Andalus, and established the basis of the intellectual tradition and educational system which made Spain so outstanding for the next 400 years. Another result was that an infrastructure of libraries - both public and private - mosques, hospitals, and research institutions rapidly grew up and famous scholars in the East, hearing of these amenities, flocked to the West. They in turn attracted students of their own; in the Islamic world it was not at all unusual for a student to travel thousands of miles to study at the feet of a famous professor.” -(Secondary Source) Saudi ARAMCO World Magazine, Arab and Islamic cultures and connections Name: ________________________________ Block: _____________________________________ Trial preparation: Now that you have explored the basic outlines of the American political systems it is time for your law firm to construct a series of answers that will be used in the trials. For each question you must construct an opening statement that you will present to the court. Include aspects of all of the societies you represent and then list specific examples you will use in your rebuttals during the trials. Divide the topics between your legal team. Each of you will use the research from today to construct opening arguments. These opening arguments are required by the beginning of the next class day. Teams that do not submit opening arguments will not be qualified to move on to the next research topic and will be given the essay topics. 1. How should the ruler act? _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidence a. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ e. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Name: _____________________________________ Block: ____________________________ 2. What is the role of law in society? _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidence a. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ e. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Name: ________________________________________ Block:__________________________ 3. What role does the individual play in the governance of this society? _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidence a. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ e. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Name:_______________________________________ Block:_____________________ 4. How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society? _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidence a. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ e. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________