Download 1. Use the chronology of Southwest Asia to identify

Team Members: ____________________________________________
Block: ___________________
Southwest Asia: Trial Objectives Political
Instructions: The following primary and secondary sources are designed to provide your legal firm with the
information needed to formulate arguments that will show that the societies you represent have met and
exceeded the challenges posed by the following four questions. Use your time wisely and provide responses with
proof that your culture has shown the best answers to these questions on earth for this time period. Be aware that
other trial teams have access to this information as well and will be looking for weaknesses in your arguments. Be
prepared to defend your assertions.
1. How should the ruler act?
2. What is the role of law in society?
3. What role does the individual play in the governance of this society?
4. How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in
this society?
Objective: Identify the ways in which the political systems of Southwest Asia led to prosperity, security, and
growth.
1. Use the chronology of Southwest Asia to identify political developments that show prosperity, security, and
growth in the respective societies. Be prepared to identify the cultures and the developments. (This can be in the
areas of law, conquest, architecture, religious movements, economic improvements, etc.)
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THE CHRONOLOGY OF THE ARAB MUSLIM CIVILIZATION
6th Century
Bedouin pastoralists; society = tribes, clans, kin, blood feuds; courage society plagued by warfare. Religious traditions include animism, gods, each tribe had a chief deity;
society male oriented
500 CE
Few oasis towns linked by trading caravans to SW Asia; some sedentary agriculture in oases, Yemen. Towns center of Christian, Jewish ideas; Mecca center of polytheistic
pilgrimage to Kaaba
595 CE
Muhammad married rich widow; women had economic roles, sat in councils; many female poets. Some evidence of matrilineal inheritance; men paid bride price
610 CE
Muhammad gets message of Islam: Koran, 5 Pillars: preaching not accepted by polytheist Meccans
622 CE
Muhammad flees to Medina, sets up Muslim state; decrees toleration of Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians
630 CE
Conquered Mecca, destroyed Kaaba idols; creates absolutist theocracy backed by Bedouin army
632 CE
Muhammad’s pilgrimage to Mecca set model required of all faithful Muslims
634 CE
1st Caliph Abu Bakr becomes caliph after Muhammad’s death; conquest of Arabia complete
640 CE
Arabs build garrison towns, cities; establish taxation: Muslims tithe, non-Muslims pay head, land tax
644 CE
2nd Caliph Omar conquered Persian Empire; conquered Egypt, Syria from Byzantines; Arabs form ruling, commercial elite; majority of subjects include free farmers,
herdsmen, serfs, slaves
650 – 800 CE
Arab maritime trade in Indian Ocean facilitates exchanges of ideas, diseases, people, goods, crops
652 CE
Muslims establish peace treaty with Christian Nubians which lasts 500 years; trade, exchanges arise
655 CE
Rise of Arab navy, maritime skills leads to Muslim conquest of Sicily, Crete, Sardinia, Cyprus
656 CE
3rd Caliph Uthman moves capital to Damascus; ordered compilation of official Koran
657 CE
Foundation of Kharijis sect of Islam: egalitarian form denouncing ethnic, class differences
661 CE
4th Calpih Ali assassinated during civil war; new Umayyad Dynasty supports majority Muslims (Sunni)
7th Century
Office of Caliph becomes hereditary; Arab conquest state, small Arab Muslim military aristocracy. Decentralized government, local governors; foreign bureaucrats, nonArab Muslims denied influence
680 CE
Wars with Byzantine Empire, Armenia reach relative stalemate; diplomatic relations, trade follows
684 CE
Split of Shia, Sunni; Shia rejected traditions not in Quran, await messiah, popular with non-Arabs
685 CE
Arabic official language of the empire, replaces Greek, Aramaic, Coptic; Quran only written in Arabic
692 CE
Dome of the Rock Mosque completed, uses geometry as style; all prayers oriented towards Mecca
697 CE
Gold, silver coins introduced for trade, tax; coins in Arabic, no images allowed on coins, in art
8th Century
Growth of non-Arab Muslims; majority subjects were People of the Book, paid taxes, cultural autonomy. Elites were bureaucrats, merchants, landlords; Quran accepts
wealth, merchants if they tithe to poor
8th Century
Cities become manufacturing centers; industry dominated by textiles, leather, metal, glass, pottery. Muslim law based on Quran, teachings of prophet, analogy,
consensus of scholars; governs life
711 – 713 CE
Muslim conquest of river valleys of Central Asia, Indus River; no permanent settlement, raid and tribute
715 CE
Grand Mosque in Damascus blended Arab austerity, geometric shapes with Byzantine dome, arches
718 CE
Conquest of North Africa, Spain; Berber nomads convert to Shia Islam; North African merchants. Introduce Islam to West Africa; success leads to rise of Trans-Saharan
trade in gold, salt, slaves, ivory
730 CE
Arab tribes migrate to North Africa, displaced Berbers in Egypt, Libya; Arab administrators settle cities
732 CE
Franks stop Muslim invasion of Europe at Tours; Christian states in Northern Iberia resist Islam
737 CE
War with Turkish Khazars in Southern Russia establish a raid, trade, tribute pattern for 200 years
750 CE
Umayyad princes murdered; Abbasids establish new dynasty, revolution ended Arab caste supremacy. Empire reaches largest extent; extensive trade, commerce link
increasingly urban culture
751 CE
Battle of Talas – Muslims acquire paper from Chinese; Arabs establish paper factories, printing, books
754 CE
Caliph al-Mansur centralized bureaucracy; used Persians as bureaucrats; Persian is language of elite
756 CE
Muslim rival caliphate in Spain; beginning of breakaway Muslim states in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia
786 CE
Harun al Rashid built new capital in Baghdad; government, bureaucracy dominated by Persians
788 CE
Independent Shia caliphate in Morocco supported by Berber pastoralists resisting Bedouin migrations
789 CE
Al-Khayzuran, wife of caliph, mother of two caliphs creates tradition of harem politics, influences state
9th Century
Agriculture flourishes; great variety of crops; large estates; lands increasingly worked by serfs, slaves
830 CE
House of Wisdom founded in Baghdad, translates Greek, Syriac into Arabic; world center of learning
833 CE
Military units of Turks, slaves first used; replace Arab, tribal armies; becomes model in Muslim world
836 CE
Government, caliph dependent on large Turkish bodyguards; government increasingly isolated
847 CE
Al Khwarizmi died; great mathematician who introduced Arabs to Hindu numbers, zero, decimals
850 CE
Hadith or sayings attributed to Muhammad compiled, used as part of Sunni tradition, denied by Shia
868 CE
Independent caliphate in Egypt; Abbasids increasingly limited to rule of Fertile Crescent, Arabia
869 CE
Black slave rebellion in Iraq; slaves labored in domestic, commercial, military occupations. In Quran, slavery permitted, only non-Muslims could be slaves; lucrative slave
trade of all races
897 CE
Rebellion of Shia Ismaili Muslims; demand social justice, use violence against other Islamic rulers
10th Century
50% of population Muslim; class of religious leaders, scholars (ulama) emerged. Great prosperity based on control of trade routes, internal trade; wide exchange of
goods, products. New technologies, sugarcane, cotton, rice, citrus: improved farming yields, diets: population increases
912 CE
Cordoba in Spain the intellectual center of Europe, center of Muslim learning, arts, culture. Merchants, scholars, artists, artisans, writers, professionals arise as a large,
influential class in cities
925 CE
Death of al-Razi: diagnosed many diseases, based studies on observation; taught women birth control
934 – 940 CE
Caliphate bankrupt; hedonistic lifestyles overtax treasury; breakdown of irrigation in Iraq direct result
940 CE
Semi-independent dynasties of Shia, Berber, Persians, Kurds fragment Arab empire, increase warfare
945 CE
Persian Buyids reduce caliphs to puppets; decline of women in society; use of veil, harem common
950 CE
Development of Sufi orders as centers of prayer, instruction, pilgrimage; worship of saints arises. Emergence of madrasa, Muslim religious college funded by wealthy;
studies – religion, law, Arabic
969 CE
Shia Fatimids in Egypt, rivals Abbasids; land prosperous, agriculture flourished; control spice trade
969 CE
Cairo (Egypt) founded as military, government center; becomes commercial, cultural center of Muslims
980 CE
Ibn Sina authority on medicine; cities had dispensaries, apothecaries, hospitals, medical schools
11th Century
Migration of pastoral Turks into SW Asia; flocks ruin farmland, disrupt irrigation; agriculture declines
1050 CE
Travel, trade by caravan, ship – wheeled transport declines; goods, people, ideas move across borders
1055 CE
Muslim Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad, create military sultans as real power behind caliph
1071 CE
Seljuks drive Byzantines out of Anatolia; establish independent Muslim sultanate in modern Turkey
1090 CE
Seljuks pay troops with grants of serfs, land; grants become hereditary, practice spreads in SW Asia
1090 CE
Assassins (Shia Ismaili) sect spread terror through assassinations of leading Muslim leaders
1096 CE
1st of eight crusades by Christians; crusades revived commerce, exchanges between Europe, SW Asia
1126 CE
Ibn Rush leading philosopher; Muslims translate Greek classics of Aristotle, Plato into Arabic
1180 CE
Caliph al-Nasir supports brotherhoods, guilds organizing craftsmen, city workers around social justice
1204 CE
Death of Maimonides, Jewish scholar, doctor to Sultan of Egypt; Jewish community wealthy, influential
1250 CE
Mameluk slave soldiers come to power in Egypt; soldiers, administrators rule through local Arabs
1258 CE
Baghdad sacked by Mongols; last Abbasid caliph murdered; conquered Iraq, Anatolia, Iran, Caucasus
1260 CE
Mameluks of Egypt halt Mongol advance, seize Syria, Palestine, Holy Cities in Arabia
Objective: How should a ruler act?
2. What seems to be the most important act of an Arab ruler for the people of the Arabian Peninsula?
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Then I swear by the temple, round which walk the men who built it from the tribes of Quraysh and Turhum. An oath, that you are verily two excellent
chiefs, who are found worthy of honor in every condition, between ease
and distress. The two endeavourers’ from the tribe of Ghaiz bin Murrah strove in making peace after the connection between the tribes had become
broken, on account of the shedding of blood. You repaired with peace the condition of the tribes of Abs and Zubyan, after they had fought with one
another, and ground up the perfume of Manshim between them. And indeed you said, 'if we bring about peace perfectly by the spending of money and
the conferring of benefits, and by good words, we shall be safe from the danger of the two tribes, destroying each other.'
(Primary Source) Pre-Islamic Arabia: The Hanged Poems, from The Poem of Zuhair, before 622 CE
Objective: How should the ruler act?
3. Based on this text how do the Arabs see Muhammad as a ruler? Who decided that he should be the one to rule them?
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“[A learned man] told me that some of the apostle's companions asked him to tell them about himself. He said: "I am what Abraham my father prayed for
and the good news of [my brother] Jesus. When my mother was carrying me she saw a light proceeding from her which showed her the castles of Syria. I
was suckled among the B. Sa'd b. Bakr, and while I was with a brother of mine behind our tents shepherding the lambs, two men in white raiment came to
me with a gold basin full of snow. Then they seized me and opened up my belly, extracted my heart and split it; then they extracted a black drop from it
and threw it away; then they washed my heart and my belly with that snow until they had thoroughly cleansed them. Then one said to the other, weigh
him against ten of his people; they did so and I outweighed them. Then they weighed me against a hundred and then a thousand, and I outweighed them.
He said, 'Leave him alone, for by God, if you weighed him against all his people he would outweigh them.”
(Secondary Source) Ibn Ishaq, Arab historian, from his Life of Muhammad, written around 750 CE
Objective: What role does the individual play in the governance of this society?
4. What role is Muhammad asking his people to play in providing for the security and happiness of the people of this society?
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"O People, lend me an attentive ear, for I don't know whether, after this year, I shall ever be amongst you again. Therefore listen to what I am saying to
you carefully and take these words to those who could not be present here today. O People, just as you regard this month, this day, this city as Sacred, so
regard the life and property of every Muslim as a sacred trust. Return the goods entrusted to you to their rightful owners. Hurt no one so that no one may
hurt you. Remember that you will indeed meet your Lord, and that He will indeed reckon your deeds. Allah forbidden you to take usury (Interest),
therefore all interest obligation shall henceforth be waived.
Beware of Satan, for your safety of your religion. He has lost all hope that he will ever be able to lead you astray in big things, so beware of following him
in small things…”
(Primary Source) The Prophet Muhammad’s Last Sermon, delivered in Mecca, 632 CE
Objective: How should the ruler act?
5. What traits are the first Caliph, Abu Bakr, saying that an Islamic ruler should have in order to be considered fit to rule? How does Abu Bakr personally set
limits on his own authority as Caliph?
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“The Abu Bakr spoke and praised and lauded God as it fitting, and then he said: O people, I have been appointed to rule over you, though I am not the best
among you. If I do well, help me, and if I do ill, correct me. Truth is loyalty and falsehood is treachery; the weak among you is strong in my eyes until I get
justice for him, please God, and the strong among you is weak in my eyes until I exact justice from him, please God. If any people holds back from fighting
the holy war for God, God strikes them with degradation. If weakness spreads among a people, God brings disaster upon all of them. Obey me as long as I
obey God and His Prophet. And if I disobey God and His Prophet, you do not owe me obedience. Come to prayer, and may God have mercy on you.”
(Primary Source) The Accession Speech of Abu Bakr (632 C.E.)
Objective: How should the ruler act?
6. According to Al-Farabi, the most important thinker of the Muslim Caliphates, what qualities are important in a ruler? In your view, would this kind of
ruler provide peace, security, and prosperity for the people? Explain how.
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“This is the sovereign over whom no other human being has any sovereignty whatsoever; he is the Imam; he is the first sovereign of the excellent city,
he is the sovereign of the excellent nation, and the sovereign of the universal state.
But this state can only be reached by a man in whom twelve natural qualities are found together, with which he is endowed by birth. (1) One of them is
that he should have limbs and organs which are free from deficiency and strong, and that they will make him fit for the actions which depend on them…(2)
He should by nature be good at understanding and perceiving everything said to him…(3) He should be good at retaining what he comes to know and see
and hear and apprehend in general…(4) He should be well provided with ready intelligence and very bright….(5) He should have a fine diction, his tongue
enabling him to explain to perfection all…(6) He should be fond of learning and acquiring knowledge…(7) He should by nature be fond of truth and truthful
men and hate falsehood and liars. (8) He should by nature not crave for food and drink and sexual intercourse, and have a natural aversion to gambling
and hatred of pleasures which these pursuits provide. (9) He should be proud of spirit and fond of honour…(10) Dirham and dinar (money) and the other
worldly pursuits should be of little amount in his view. (11) He should by nature be fond of justice and of just people, and hate oppression and injustice
and those who practice them, giving himself and others their due, and urging people to act justly and showing pity to those who are oppressed by
injustice;…he should be reluctant to give in if he is asked to do injustice and evil altogether. (12) He should be strong in setting his mind firmly upon the
thing which, in his view, ought to be done, and daringly and bravely carry it out with fear and weak-mindedness.”
(Primary Source) Al-Farabi: The Perfect State
Objective: How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society?
7. Does the fact that the Islamic Caliphates were ruled by one man who was the political and religious leader of the society lead the Caliphates to reject
furthering science? According to Al-Ghazzali, should mathematics and religion be separated? Why or why not?
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“It is therefore a great injury to religion to suppose that the defense of Islam involves the condemnation of the exact sciences. The religious law contains
nothing which approves them or condemns them, and in their turn they make no attack on religion. The words of the Prophet, “The sun and the moon are
two signs of the power of God: they are not eclipsed for the birth or the death of any one; when you see these signs take refuge in prayer and invoke the
name of God”- these words, I say, do not in any way condemn the astronomical calculations which define the orbits of these two bodies, their conjunction
and opposition according to particular laws.”
(Primary Source) “On the Separation of Mathematics and Religion” Al-Ghazzali
Objective: How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society?
8. How did the Islamic Caliphs contribute to the cultural growth of their society?
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“Between the 8th and 13th centuries, the Abbasid dynasty oversaw the Golden Age of Islam. Muslim scholars, especially in Baghdad's House of Wisdom,
studied the works of classical antiquity and other cultures throughout the empire, and then added their own experience, insight and analysis. The result
was a flowering of Islamic culture, the preservation of knowledge through Europe's Dark Ages and important achievements in the fields of art & literature,
science and medicine. The most significant Islamic contribution to the West may be in mathematics, as Muslim scholars refined the Arabic number system
used by most of the world today and developed algebra.”
(Secondary Source) Education Portal Services, World History 101
Objective: How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society?
9. How did the Islamic Caliphate treat non-Muslims? Do you think they treated pagans and Zoroastrians differently?
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“We believe in God, and in what hath been sent down to us, and what hath been sent down to Abraham, and Ismael, and Isaac, and Jacob, and the tribes,
and in what was given to Moses, and Jesus, and the Prophets, from their Lord. We make no difference between them. And to Him are we resigned
(Muslims)…Verily, they who believe (Muslims), and they who follow the Jewish religion, and the Christians, and the Sabeites – whoever of these believeth
in God and the last day, and doeth that which is right, shall have their reward with their Lord. Fear shall not come upon them, neither shall they be
grieved.”
(Primary Source) The Qur’an
Objective: What is the role of law in this society?
10. As Muslims expanded out of Arabia what was the reality for conquered people as far as following their own laws?
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“The Arabic Empire in the early periods of classical Islam treated its dhimmis with varying degrees of tolerance; this allowed the Jewish dhimmis to evolve
as an individual society under Islam that still possessed many similarities to its dominant government. When the first Islamic military forces occupied the
new territories inhabited by Jews, the armies settled largely in their own camps, estranged from the native people. The Muslims in these camps
established themselves as rulers and preserved identities separate to that of their conquered subjects, but in doing so the new rulers usually left local law
to the native administrators. Such “benign neglect allowed for a considerable degree of internal autonomy”. The discrimination between the conquered
and conquerors continued as a necessary social institution. This tradition under Islam was founded in the belief that the Jews and other dhimmis refused
the true faith and thus were inherently inferior to Muslims by choice. Unlike the natural subjugation of women and slaves, an unbeliever could escape his
status by simply accepting the true faith, yet many Jews (in a Muslim perspective) willfully rejected the option.”
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(Secondary Source) Linda Broughton, Jewish Life under Early Islam: Social, Legal, and Religious Life in the Muslim Empire during the Seventh through
the Eleventh Centuries
Objective: What is the role of law in this society?
11. What did the government of the Caliphate base its’ legal system on? How did it incorporate the cultures it conquered?
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12. Why would it be a natural tendency for the Caliphate to splinter into smaller kingdoms on its fringes when it stretched from Spain to India?
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“The Abbasids set up a bureaucracy of absolute authority under the religious Sharia law that was based on the Qur’an. This absolute authority is
symbolized by the ever present Royal Executioner at the side of each caliph. The empire was soon governed by mostly Persian bureaucrats in the Persian
bureaucratic style with a Wazir (vizier in Egyptian) as the chief operating officer. Persian would soon largely take over control of the empire after the first
century. The empire would also begin to break up into many smaller Muslim kingdoms still recognizing the religious authority of the Abbasid Caliph but not
necessarily the Political authority. They moved the capital to Baghdad.”
(Secondary Source) Mr. Jensen
Objective: How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society?
13. In what ways did Islam attract outsiders? How did its’ spread improve the lives of the people under the Caliphate?
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“Muslims rarely forced people to convert to their religion, often preferring to levy a special tax on minority communities instead. The famous jihad, or holy
war described by the prophet Muhammad, wa s mainly used for defense of the faith, not forced conversion, though there were exceptions. But the
success of Muslim armies could create a context in which other people found it prudent to convert, or in which they were attracted to the religion simply
because of its manifest power and triumph. In other instances, Islam spread through more spontaneous conversions as people learned of it through trade
and missionary activity. The religion was clearly attractive, with an explicit set of beliefs about what to do and what not to do in order to win access to
heaven and avoid a lamentable eternity in hell. It appealed to lower-class groups because of its commitment to charity and spiritual equality; it also
legitimated merchant activity more than did most belief systems at the time, and so could attract traders.”
(Secondary Source) Mr. Jensen
Objective: How should the ruler act?
14. What is the political culture that influenced the Arab Caliphate the most? Why would the Abbasid Caliphate want to be identified with this Classical
Empire? How would that benefit them?
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“One of the earliest, and most important, changes the Abbasids made was to move the capital of the Islamic empire from the old Umayyad power base of
Damascus to a new city—Baghdad. Baghdad was founded in 762 by al-Mansur on the banks of the Tigris River. The city was round in shape, and designed
from the beginning to be a great capital and the center of the Islamic world. It was built not far from the old Persian capital of Ctesiphon, and its location
reveals the desire of the dynasty to connect itself to Persian culture. Baghdad grew quickly with encouragement from the Abbasid state, and it was soon
the largest city in the world. At Baghdad, the Persian culture that the Umayyad had attempted to suppress was now allowed to thrive. Art, poetry, and
science flourished. The Abbasids learned from the Chinese (allegedly from Chinese soldiers captured in battle) the art of making paper. Cheap and durable,
paper became an important material for spreading literature and knowledge.”
Saylor URL: www.saylor.org/hist101 Subunit 9.3.1, The Saylor Foundation
Objective:
15. What resulted from the Abbasid governments’ sponsorship of the House of Wisdom? What other achievements resulted from this political system?
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“At the House of Wisdom, important ideas from around the world came together. The introduction of Indian numerals, which have become standard in
the Islamic and Western worlds, greatly aided in mathematics and scientific discovery. Scholars such as Al-Kindi revolutionized mathematics and
synthesized Greek philosophy with Islamic thought. Al-Biruni and Abu Nasr Mansur—among many other scholars—made important contributions to
geometry and astronomy. Al-Khwarizmi, expanding upon Greek mathematical concepts, developed Algebra (the word “algorithm” is a corruption of his
name). Ibn al-Haytham made important contributions to the field of optics, and is generally held to have developed the concept of the scientific method.
A number of very practical innovations took place, especially in the field of agriculture. Improved methods of irrigation allowed more land to be cultivated,
and new types of mills and turbines were used to reduce the need for labor (though slavery was still very common in both the countryside and cities).
Crops and farming techniques were adopted from far-flung neighboring cultures. Rice, cotton, and sugar were taken from India, citrus fruits from China,
and sorghum from Africa. Thanks to Islamic famers, these crops eventually made their way to the West. Such Islamic innovation would continue, even as
the Abbasid government fell into chaos.”
Saylor URL: www.saylor.org/hist101 Subunit 9.3.1, The Saylor Foundation
Objective: How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in this society?
16. What services was the Umayyad offering to scholars that would travel to Spain to study? What is an advantage of having two competing Caliphates
trying to attract scholars?
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“In a courtly society, the tastes and predilections of the ruler set the tone for society at large, and Abd al-Rahman II, passionately interested in both the
religious and the secular sciences, was determined to show the world that his court was in no way inferior to the court of the Caliphs at Baghdad. To this
end, therefore, he actively recruited scholars by offering handsome inducements to overcome their initial reluctance to live in what many from the lands
in the East considered the provinces. As a result, many scholars, poets, philosophers, historians and musicians migrated to al-Andalus, and established the
basis of the intellectual tradition and educational system which made Spain so outstanding for the next 400 years.
Another result was that an infrastructure of libraries - both public and private - mosques, hospitals, and research institutions rapidly grew up and famous
scholars in the East, hearing of these amenities, flocked to the West. They in turn attracted students of their own; in the Islamic world it was not at all
unusual for a student to travel thousands of miles to study at the feet of a famous professor.”
-(Secondary Source) Saudi ARAMCO World Magazine, Arab and Islamic cultures and connections
Name: ________________________________
Block: _____________________________________
Trial preparation: Now that you have explored the basic outlines of the American political systems it is time for your law firm to construct a
series of answers that will be used in the trials. For each question you must construct an opening statement that you will present to the court.
Include aspects of all of the societies you represent and then list specific examples you will use in your rebuttals during the trials. Divide the
topics between your legal team. Each of you will use the research from today to construct opening arguments. These opening arguments are
required by the beginning of the next class day. Teams that do not submit opening arguments will not be qualified to move on to the next research
topic and will be given the essay topics.
1. How should the ruler act?
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Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidence
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b.
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c.
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d.
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e.
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Block: ____________________________
2. What is the role of law in society?
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Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidence
a.
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b.
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c.
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e.
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Name: ________________________________________
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3. What role does the individual play in the governance of this society?
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Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidence
a.
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b.
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c.
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d.
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e.
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Name:_______________________________________
Block:_____________________
4. How is the political organization of this society helpful to the maintenance of prosperity, security, and growth in
this society?
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Evidence: Cite the source and summarize the evidence
a.
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b.
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c.
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d.
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e.
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