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8. MICROBIOLOGY 1. Unscramble the words and add them to the article below: ptaorozo ctaibera pillinenci mcioboigroly vuiesrse fignu 1. ______________ is the branch of science that is concerned with the micro-organisms. Microorganisms - organisms that can’t be seen by human eye, it needs microscope to be seen. 2. ___________ is single cell living organisms that can be found almost anywhere on the planet. It causes variety of diseases most common sore throat. It can be easily killed outside the body by soaps and alcohols by dissolving the external wall of the cells, or internally by antibiotics which attack different organelles (small organs) of the bacterial cells. 3. ___________ was discovered in 1928 by bacteriologist Alexander Fleming when a piece of infected bread infected with fungi spores dropped by mistake in one of his bacterial colonies. 4. ___________ are unicellular live forms which are characterized by their ability to stay dormant outside the body for decades waiting to be introduced to certain species of living creatures, in a certain no (called infection dose) and in a certain state of the immune system to cause the infection. They are also characterized by their singular chain D.N.A. 5. _______ is multi-cellular organisms which live on dead organic materials, usually needs a very weak immunity system or peripheral low blood supply place to infect human body. Treatment usually requires a long term therapy. 6. _______ are either unicellular or multi cellular organisms which also require a weak immune system or biological property change like (PH dramatic change) to infect human body. 2. Before you listen, guess ten words that are not correct. Infectious illnesses are caused by microbes. These are small organisms which are invisible with naked eye and visit your body to get multiplied. The symptoms caused by a cold depend on the location, nature of the infection and type of organism. The two major types of microbes are the bacteria and the cell. Viruses are the biggest in size of all the microbes. They are able to attack almost any living organism. A virus uses another organism, like a human body, as a host. It means that the virus invades a cell of the body and takes parts of the cell to multiply itself. In this way hundreds of new viruses are stabilized, which can spread throughout the body. They can also infect new organisms. Viruses can’t live outside the body of the host for long. They can only survive a few seconds to minute after leaving the guest. Bacteria are much smaller than viruses. They live almost everywhere and many of them don’t cause infection. A bacterium multiplies itself by selection. If the conditions are favourable (atmosphere, digestion some bacteria can multiply after every 20 minutes. Your stomach contains large number of bacteria. Normally these organs don’t cause any problem. Actually they are quite helpful in various ways, like digestion. But if you have weak immunity the balance may become disturbed and complaints like stomachache, constipation or cramps may occur. Viruses and some bacteria can cause infections. Locally, an infection causes sickness and swelling. The tissue may become warm and painful. Common symptoms of a viral or bacterial infection are headache, fatigue and general malaise. Mostly, viral infection is serious and complaints subside by themselves. It is difficult to eliminate viruses. Specific medicines have been developed only for certain microorganisms. Also an infection usually resolves by itself. If this is not the example, the physician can prescribe antibiotics. An antibiotic is only effective against bacteria, not against a virus. It is important to avoid the spread of microbes. Good hygiene can play an important role in prevention. Regularly squeeze your hands and cover your mouth with tissue paper or cloth whenever you talk or sneeze. Take proper care of little wounds by disinfecting them with iodine or milk. 3. Discuss the questions with your partner: What are microbes? What are the major types of microbes? What do you know about viruses bacteria? How can we avoid / treat infection? 4. Match the terms and the definitions: 1. allergy 2. contamination 3. disinfectant a) a substance that kills insects b) an agent destructive to viruses c) a genus of spiral bacteria which are curved or bent rods that resemble commas 4. focal infection d) a substance that destroys microorganisms 5. fomite e) a poisonous substance of plant, animal, bacterial or fungi origin 6. germicide f) one in which the organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessel and spread to other parts of the body 7. hypersensitivity g) an acquired, abnormal immune response to a substance (allergies) that does not normally cause a reaction allergy 8. insecticide h) allergy i) a chemical or physical agent that kills disease causing microorganisms by chemical or physical means 9. mutualism j) a disease affecting the majority of the population of a large region or one that is epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world 10. opportunist k) a chemical or physical agent that kills disease causing microorganisms by chemical or physical means 11. vibrio l) an interactive relationship between two organisms in which one is harmed and the other benefits 12. toxin m) any inanimate object to which infectious material adheres & can be transmitted 13. virucide n) the act of introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area or substance 14. pandemic o) a relationship in which organisms of two different species live in close association to the mutual benefit of each 15. parasitism p) bacteria that prefer cold, thriving at temperatures between 0 C and 25 C an interactive relationship between two organisms in which one is harmed and the other benefits 16. psychrophile q) the harmonious action of two or more microorganisms producing on a effect that neither could produce alone bacteria that prefer cold, thriving at temperatures between 0 C and 25 C 17. synergism r) an organism that exists as part of the normal flora but may become pathogenic under certain conditions Remember the words. Test your partner. Grammar – Comparative - we use comparative to compare two things She is not as clever as she think. as good as Peter is smarter than her. bigger than 1) one syllable word –ER two syllables ending Y cheap - cheaper / hot - hotter / high – higher happy - happier / funny – funnier 2) more syllables MORE interesting - more interesting / difficult - more difficult 3) Irregular good – better / bad – worse / little – less / many – more / far – further 1. Complete the sentences with comparative form English wine is good but French wine is ______ . (good) English cooking is bad but Scottish cooking is ______ . (bad) It's a long way from London to Moscow but London to Sydney is even ______ . (long) I've got two daughters. Sophie is the younger one and Kathryn is the ______ one. (old) My job is getting harder and ______ . I cannot cope. (hard) The earlier we leave, the ______ we'll arrive. (soon) Do it when you can but the sooner it's done, the ______ . (good) You're even ______ in real life than in photos. (beautiful) Teacher’s notes / key 1. 1. microbiology 2. Bacteria 3. penicillin 4.viruses 5. fungi 6. Protoza 2. Infectious illnesses (diseases) are caused by microbes. These are small organisms which are invisible with naked eye and visit (invade) your body to get multiplied. The symptoms caused by a cold (infection) depend on the location, nature of the infection and type of organism (microbe). The two major types of microbes are the bacteria and the cell (virus). Viruses are the biggest (smallest) in size of all the microbes. They are able to attack almost any living organism. A virus uses another organism, like a human body (being), as a host. It means that the virus invades a cell of the body and takes (uses) parts of the cell to multiply itself. In this way hundreds of new viruses are stabilized (produced), which can spread throughout the body. They can also infect new organisms. Viruses can’t live (survive) outside the body of the host for long. They can only survive a few second to minute after leaving the guest (host). Bacteria are much smaller (larger) than viruses. They live almost everywhere and many of them don’t cause infection. A bacterium multiplies itself by selection (division). If the conditions are favourable (temperature, nutrition) some bacteria can multiply after every 20 minutes. Your stomach contains large number of bacteria. Normally these organs (bacteria) don’t cause any problem. Actually they are quite helpful (useful) in various ways, like digestion. But if you have weak immunity the balance may become disturbed and complaints like stomachache (diarrhoea), constipation or cramps may occur. Viruses and some bacteria can cause infections. Locally, an infection causes sickness (redness) and swelling. The tissue may become warm and painful. Common symptoms of a viral or bacterial infection are headache (fever), fatigue and general malaise. Mostly, viral infection is serious (simple) and complaints subside by themselves. It is difficult to eliminate viruses. Specific medicines have been developed only for certain microorganisms (viruses). Also an infection usually resolves by itself. If this is not the example (case), the physician can prescribe antibiotics. An antibiotic is only effective against bacteria, not against a virus. It is important to avoid (prevent) the spread of microbes. Good hygiene can play an important in prevention. Regularly squeeze (wash) your hands and cover your mouth with tissue paper or cloth whenever you talk (cough) or sneeze. Take proper care of little wounds by disinfecting them with iodine or milk (alcohol). 4. 1g 2m 3j 4f 5l 6d 7h 8a 9n 10q 11c 12e 13b 14i 15k 6o 17p 1. Allergy an acquired, abnormal immune response to a substance (allergies) that does not normally cause a reaction 2. contamination the act of introducing disease germs or infectious material into an area or substance 3. disinfectant a chemical or physical agent that kills disease causing microorganisms by chemical or physical means 4. focal infection one in which the organisms are originally confined to one area but enter the blood or lymph vessel and spread to other parts of the body 5. fomite any inanimate object to which infectious material adheres & can be transmitted 6. germicide a substance that destroys microorganisms 7. hypersensitivity allergy 8. insecticide a substance that kills insects 9. mutualism a relationship in which organisms of two different species live in close association to the mutual benefit of each 10. opportunist an organism that exists as part of the normal flora but may become pathogenic 11. 12. 13. 14. vibrio toxin virucide pandemic 15. parasitism 16. psychrophile 17. synergism under certain conditions a genus of spiral bacteria which are curved or bent rods that resemble commas a poisonous substance of plant, animal, bacterial or fungi origin an agent destructive to viruses a disease affecting the majority of the population of a large region or one that is epidemic at the same time in many different parts of the world an interactive relationship between two organisms in which one is harmed and the other benefits bacteria that prefer cold, thriving at temperatures between 0 C and 25 C the harmonious action of two or more microorganisms producing on a effect that neither could produce alone Articles: - Microbial smog - http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/39070/title/MicrobialSmog/ - Genetics for dummies - http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/genetics-for-dummies-cheatsheet.html - Overview of microbiology, animated – 12min www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThU9Ckp1mB8&list=PLqTetbgey0acuF2wsTispLDzZVKDyOEev Videos: - Bacteria – 18min - www.youtube.com/watch?v=TDoGrbpJJ14&list=PLBAA029AE52D69C9D - 18 Things You Should Know About Genetics – 3min www.youtube.com/watch?v=bVk0twJYL6Y&list=PL08C7DC24116AA8D7 - What is DNA, subtitles (Stated clearly) – 5min - www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwibgNGe4aY Grammar - http://www.better-english.com/grammar/comparatives.htm http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=2070 http://speakspeak.com/english-grammar-exercises/elementary/comparative-adjectives Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VsviAPGfPUo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q-aVKJT-AYE ZDROJE Texty: - Topilova, Vera. Medical English. Tobiáš, Havličkův Brod. 3 vydání. 2001. ISBN 80 7311 001 6. 272stran, strana 18. - Macmillian School Dictionary, Bloomsburry Publishing plc 2004. Dostupné z: <www.onestopclil.com>. Obrázky: - Freedigital photos, medical instruments – [online]. (c)2010 [cit. 2013-20-12]. Dostupné na www: < http://www.freedigitalphotos.net/images/gallery_Medical_Equipment_m280-sb_idso_descending-page16.html?view=0&so=0>. Poslechy: - Healthchannel TV. Bacteria a viruses - [online]. (c)2012 [cit. 2013-08-12]. Dostupné na www: < www.youtube.com/watch?v=s-HThHRV4uo>.