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Chapter 43-44 Review Key
Cells or
Compounds
Functions
Neutrophils
Short-lived numerous phagocytic
leukocytes
Monocytes
Leukocytes that migrate to tissues
and develop into macrophages
Macrophages
Long-lived phagocytes that are
important antigen-presenting cells
Eosinophils
Leukocytes that attack large
parasites
Natural Killer
Cells
Non-specific lymphocytes that
stimulate apoptosis of infected or
cancerous cells
Mast cells
Release histamine to initiate
inflammatory response
Histamine
Causes vasodilation and increased
permeability of blood vessels
Interferons
Proteins released by viral-infected
cells
Complement
system
Family of plasma proteins that cause
lysis of microbes and are involved
with innate and specific defenses
Lysozyme
Enzyme in tears, saliva, and mucus
that attacks bacterial cell walls
Prostaglandins
Chemicals that promote swelling,
increased blood flow
Chemokines
Chemical signals released by various
leukocytes
Site of most water, salt, and glucose reabsorption : Proximal convoluted tubule
Part of nephron that is permeable to salt, not water: Ascending loop
Part of nephron that is permeable to water, not salt: Descending loop/lower collecting duct
What do plasma cells release? Antibodies
What does an activated helper T cell release? Interleukins
What does a cytotoxic T cell attached to an infected body cell release? Perforin
List four ways in which antibodies mediate the disposal of antigens. Which of these enhance phagocytosis
by macrophages? (*)
a. Coating *
b. Clumping *
c. Precipitating soluble antigen *
d. Working with complement
Label the components in this diagram that shows a helper T cell being activated by interaction with a
dendritic cell and the central role of the helper T cell in activating both humoral and cell-mediated
immunity. antigen-presenting cell (dendritic cell)
a. bacterium
b. antigen
c. class II MHC
d. T cell receptor
e. CD4
f. Helper T
g. Cytokines
h. Cytotoxic T cell
i. B cell
j. Cell-mediated response
k. Humoral response (antibody secretion by plasma cells)
Indicate whether the following animals are
isoosmotic, hyperosmotic, or hypoosmotic to
their environment. Then briefly list their
mechanisms of osmoregulation.
Animal
Marine
invertebrate
Shark
Marine
Bony Fish
Freshwater
Fish
Terrestrial
Mammal
Osmotic
Relation to
Environment
Isoosmotic
Almost
isoosmotic
Osmoregulatory
Mechanisms
Conformer
Retains urea in
tissues, kidneys
excrete excess
salt
Hypoosmotic Drinks water,
pumps ions out
of gills, little
urine
Hyperosmotic Large volumes
of dilute urine,
gills may pump
salts in
Hyperosmotic “water-proof”
body coverings
reduce
evaporation,
kidneys
conserve water
1. What type of cell releases interferon? Virus-infected cells.
2. Why is a secondary immune response much faster? Memory cells are quicker to respond
3. Explain why only a few cell types have MHC II complexes on their cell surfaces: Only certain cells are
Antigen-Presenting Cells that can bind to helper-T cells.
4. Explain what the term “clonal selection” refers to: The way only specific B and T-cells that recognize a
particular antigen are stimulated to proliferate.
5. Differentiate between the humoral response and the cell-mediated response: Humoral response is
effective against free floating antigen and involves the production of antibodies. Cell-mediated response
is effective against “hidden” antigen, inside an infected body cell.
6. The antibody genes undergo somatic cell recombination (gene rearrangement). Genes for what other
two categories of proteins undergo similar rearrangement? (Hint: found on T cells)
T-Cell receptors on both helper and cytotoxic T cells
7. Explain how B cells become antigen-presenting cells:
The antigen binds to antibodies on the surface of the B-cell and are taken in by endocytosis. The antigens
then combine with Class II MHC within the B-cell and then make their way to the surface.
(B)
(D)
Label the nephron in the following way:

Circle the part(s) of the nephron that is permeable to
water and not to salt.

Put a square around the part(s) that reabsorbs glucose

Put a dotted circle around the part(s) that is
permeable to salt and not water

Put a star next to the part(s) affected by aldosterone

Put a check next to the site of filtration
Be able to identify the parts of the nephron:

Glomerulus (A)

Bowman’s capsule (A)

Loop of Henle (C)

Proximal and distal convoluted tubules B and D

Collecting duct (E)
(E)
Random Questions

Chemical released by mast cells Histamine

chemical released by virus-infected cells Interferon

Lymphocyte that matures in the thymus T-Cell

Cells responsible for a secondary immune response. Memory cells

Binds to a helper T-cell, secretes interleukin 1 which stimulates the T-cell to divide and
proliferate. Macrophage or dendritic cell

Produces macrophages. Monocytes

Binds to a B-cell Helper T

Cell-surface protein found only on B-cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Class II MHC

Protein that coats invader, makes recognition by phagocytes easier. Antibodies

Has receptor for antigen and Class I MHC. Cytotoxic T Cell

Cell’s receptor is actually bound antibody. B-cell

A protein or polysaccharide, it can be recognized by an antibody. Antigen

They form plasma cells which secrete antibodies. B-cells

Nitrogenous waste formed by mammals, adult amphibians, sharks Urea

Nitrogenous waste formed by birds and reptiles Uric Acid

Name of tubes leading from the kidneys to the bladder Ureters

Name of tube carrying urine from the bladder Urethra