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1 Variety of Sentence Structures In writing or identifying sentences, we use the following formulas: Simple Sentence = one Independent Clause_ Four Sentence Formulas SV (one subject, one verb) SVV (one subject, two verbs) SSV (two subjects, one verb) SSVV (two subjects, two verbs) Compound Sentence: Two Sentence Formulas 1) I,cI (Independent Clause – comma – coordinating Conjunction – Independent Clause) 2) I;I (Independent Clause – semicolon – Independent Clause) Complex Sentence: Two Sentence Formulas 1) D,I (Dependent Clause-comma-Independent Clause) 2) I dc D (Independent Clause-dependent conjunctionDependent Clause) *Dependent Clause = Subordinate Clause = Fragment* Compound-Complex Sentence: Six Sentence Formulas 1) D,I,cI 3) IdcD,cI 5) I,cIdcD 2) D,I;I 4) IdcD;I 6) I;IdcD Remember: A Compound-Complex Sentence is just that: One Compound Sentence formula before or after a Complex Sentence Formula! 2 A clause is a word group used as a complete sentence (Independent clause) or as an incomplete sentence/fragment = Subordinate clause - aka: Dependent clause. An independent clause is a group of words that contains at least one subject and one verb and can stand alone. (It makes a complete thought) Simple Sentence: A simple sentence is a group of words with one independent clause. A simple sentence may contain a single subject and a single verb, a compound subject and a single verb, a single subject and a compound verb, or a compound subject and a compound verb. The sentence must be complete (no words left out) in order to be scored as a simple sentence. ****** Subjects are underlined with ONE line and verbs are underlined with TWO lines****** Examples s v The boy ran to the store (SV) s s v The boy and girl ran in a relay race (SSV) s v v Kevin went to the party and had a wonderful time. (SVV) s s v v Sally and Susan are friends and play together often. (SSVV) Explanation (Simple sentence with single subject and single verb) (Simple sentence with compound subject, single verb) (Simple sentence with single subject, compound verb) (Simple sentence with compound subject , compound verb) 3 Compound Sentence A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses. In order to be scored as a compound sentence, two independent clauses must be joined either by a comma and coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon. (NO subordinating clauses – Dependent clauses in a compound sentence) A Coordinating Conjunction is always has a comma before it, and can be remembered as: “FAN BOYS” , for , and, ,nor ,but ,or , yet ,so Examples* Explanation* The boy ran to the store, and he bought some apples. (I,cI) (Compound sentence with a comma and a coordinating conjunction (,and) separating the two independent clauses.) Angles and devils came to the costume party; they got along fine. (I;I) (Compound sentence with a semicolon (;) followed by a pronoun, separating the independent clauses) *A Semicolon (;) in a Compound Sentence is always followed by the word “the”, a “noun”, or a “pronoun” which begins the second Independent Clause. * ; the ; noun (person, place, thing, quality or idea) ; pronoun (it, she, he, them, us etc.) 4 Complex Sentence A Complex Sentence consists of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Each clause must have a subject and a verb. A dependent clause must include a subordinating word (dependent conjunction), a subject and a verb. Subordinate / dependent clause = Fragment sentence. It cannot stand alone – It needs an independent clause either before it or after it. Two complex sentence formulas: D,I I dc D Common Subordinate (Dependent) Conjunction Words: (dc) after even if since although even though so that as if than as if in order that though as long as just as unless as soon as like until as though once when because provided whenever before rather than while ** Dependent Conjunction words can be at the beginning of a complex sentence or in the middle** The dependent clause in a complex sentence may be an adverb clause, an adjective clause, or a noun clause. Complex Sentences with adverb clauses- An adverb clause tells when, why, how, where, under what conditions, or with what result an action took place. The adverb clause my come before or after the independent clause. Examples* Explanation* Because baseball involves so much strategy, it is my dad’s favorite sport. (D, I) (Complex sentence with the dependent clause first and a comma separating the clauses.) Baseball is my dad’s favorite sport because it involves so much strategy. (I dc D) (Complex sentence with the Independent clause first. NO COMMA is required to separate the clauses) Used a Dep. Conj. 5 Compound-Complex Sentence A compound-complex sentence consists of two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. *Remember*: A Compound-Complex Sentence is just that: One Compound Sentence formula before or after a Complex Sentence Formula.* Examples* Explanation* After the party was over, Jean had a headache, so Paul cleaned up the mess. (D,I,cI) (A dependent clause (beginning with a dc) followed by two independent clauses. -with comma and conjunction: ,so) Jean had a headache after the party was over, so Paul cleaned up the house. (I dc D, I) (An independent clause followed by a dependent clause (dc) and an independent clause. -with comma and conjunction: ,so) Jean had a headache, so Paul cleaned up the house after the party was over. (I,cI dc D) (An independent clause-with comma and conjunction: ,so. Followed by an independent clause and a dependent clause.) Although it was snowing, Floyd planned to go to the game; Helen wanted to stay home. (D,I;I) (An dependent clause followed by two independent clauses.)