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HUMAN BIOLOGY EXAM REVIEW Chapter 1 Introduction Vocabulary: hypothesis homeostasis control theory conclusion variable NO ESSAYS APPROX. 120 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Basic Concepts: - describe the steps in the scientific method (page 10, Fig. 1.8) - understand the purpose of a control in an experiment - be able to identify the parts of the scientific method in a description of an experiment Chapter 2 Chemistry of Life Vocabulary: ion hydrophilic/hydrophobic monomer/polymer buffer calorie enzyme inorganic/organic Basic Concepts: - describe the parts of an atom (protons, neutrons, electrons) - understand the importance of ions in living systems (know Na+ , Ca+2 ,Cl- , and K+ ions and their functions (notes from Ch. 2) - know the properties of water which are important to living things (page 26-27) - relate the terms acid and base to the pH scale and know that each level is 10X the one before/after it on the scale - be able to list the four types of organic compounds and their monomers and functions (chart from notes) - list some of the polymers of each type of organic compound (for example...what type of organic compound are enzymes, hormones, starches, cholesterol, DNA, ATP, phospholipids, etc.) Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function Vocabulary: diffusion osmosis chromosome (note - humans have 46) metabolism organelle Basic Concepts: - state the parts of the cell theory - know the functions of the following cell parts: plasma membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, and mitochondria) refer to page 48, Fig. 3.4. (there will not be a diagram of the cell) - describe the structure of the plasma membrane as a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins and understand the term selectively permeable - distinguish between active and passive transport including examples of each - understand the mechanism of enzyme action (page 59, Fig. 3.18) and that enzymes are proteins and the substance they act on is their substrate - know the equation for cellular respiration (simplified) and explain where it takes place and why it must take place C6 H12 O6 + O2 ---------> CO2 + H2O + ATP + heat Chapter 4 Organization and Regulation of Body Systems Vocabulary: matrix cancer peritonitis meningitis Basic Concepts: - know the four basic tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous - describe the differences in function among the four basic types of tissues - describe the differences in structure among the four basic types of tissues - be able to recognize what type of tissues mostly make up the skin, bone, fat, the three types of muscle, neurons, cartilage, tendons and ligaments, blood, linings and coverings. Example: skin is mostly epithelial, skeletal muscle is muscle tissue, neurons Are nervous tissue, bone is connective tissue, etc. - recognize the mechanism of negative feedback and its importance to homeostasis (page 86) - know that the two systems that regulate all body functions are the nervous and Endocrine systems - know that cancer is a rapid reproduction of your own cells which is most likely to happen in cells that would normally reproduce rapidly, especially epithelial and connective tissue cells Chapter 8 Digestive System Vocabulary: villi diarrhea/constipation ulcer peristalsis heartburn/esophageal reflux jaundice hepatitis cirrhosis Basic Concepts: - be able to identify the parts of the digestive system and accessory organs on a diagram - know the functions of the parts listed on page 169, Fig. 8.1 - know the function and location of action for the following enzymes: salivary amylase, pepsin, trypsin, lipases - state the function of bile and know that it is made by the liver - describe the functions of the liver (page 178, Table 8.2) - describe the many ways in which calcium is important in the diet including strong bones and teeth, nerve function, muscle function, and blood clotting Chapter 6 Composition and Function of Blood Vocabulary: formed elements hemoglobin pathogen antigen antibody anemia leukemia hemophilia agglutination Basic Concepts: - know the three types of formed elements (RBC, WBC, and platelets) and their functions - describe the substances found in plasma and their functions - understand that all blood cells are formed from bone marrow stem cells in the red bone marrow - know what substances are needed for blood to clot successfully - know the universal receiver and donor and why some blood types can be exchanged and others cannot Chapter 5 Vocabulary: Cardiovascular System cardiac cycle hypertension systole/diastole aneurism stroke MI (heart attack) atherosclerosis angioplasty angina pectoris heart murmur embolus/thrombus Basic Concepts: - describe the differences in structure and function among arteries, veins and capillaries - identify the parts of the heart on a diagram - describe the flow of blood through the heart - identify the parts of the intrinsic conduction system in the heart - identify the parts of an ECG and what each signifies - know what blood pressure is measuring, what is normal and where it is highest - distinguish between the pulmonary and systemic circulations - describe the causes of cardiovascular disease and ways to prevent it - know that the exchange of all nutrients, gases and wastes takes place only through capillaries Chapter 11 Vocabulary: Skeletal System appendicular skeleton axial skeleton arthritis growth plate ligament/tendon Basic Concepts: - identify the bones on a diagram of the skeleton - understand that bone develops from cartilage models (Fig. 11.11, page 252) - list the steps in bone repair (page 256) - describe the body movements (flexion and extension, adduction and abduction) ** We have discussed homeostasis a lot this semester. Be sure to know several specific examples of homeostasis working in the body. Chapter 12 Vocabulary: Muscular System atrophy origin/insertion motor unit neuromuscular junction oxygen debt tetanus, the disease Basic Concepts: - understand that muscles work in antagonistic pairs (examples...) - identify the muscles listed in your notes for Ch. 12 on a diagram, page 266 - understand how the sliding filament theory explains muscle contraction (including the necessity of calcium ions and ATP) - list some of the specific benefits of regular exercise - describe the three source of energy for muscle contraction, page 273 (fermentation, creatine phosphate breakdown and cellular respiration) which is most efficient, which makes lactic acid, etc. Chapter 13 Vocabulary: Nervous System action potential Alzheimer's disease CNS/PNS nerve reflex neurotransmitter meninges Parkinson's disease Basic Concepts: - know the parts of a neuron and the three types of neurons (page 285, Figure 13.2) - understand the electrochemical nature of impulses (electro = pos. and neg. charges: chemical = Na+ ,etc.) - show how an impulse travels across a synapse (page 288) - identify the parts of the brain on a diagram (page 293) - identify the general functions of each part of the brain - understand that the PNS is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems (function of each) - understand that the autonomic nervous system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems (function of each) - discuss the ways that drugs affect the synapse (page 304)