Download HUMAN BIOLOGY

HUMAN BIOLOGY
EXAM REVIEW
Chapter 1
Introduction
Vocabulary:
hypothesis
homeostasis
control
theory
conclusion
variable
NO ESSAYS
APPROX. 120 MULTIPLE
CHOICE QUESTIONS
Basic Concepts:
- describe the steps in the scientific method (page 10, Fig. 1.8)
- understand the purpose of a control in an experiment
- be able to identify the parts of the scientific method in a
description of an experiment
Chapter 2
Chemistry of Life
Vocabulary:
ion
hydrophilic/hydrophobic
monomer/polymer
buffer
calorie
enzyme
inorganic/organic
Basic Concepts:
- describe the parts of an atom (protons, neutrons, electrons)
- understand the importance of ions in living systems
(know Na+ , Ca+2 ,Cl- , and K+ ions and their functions
(notes from Ch. 2)
- know the properties of water which are important to living things
(page 26-27)
- relate the terms acid and base to the pH scale and know that each
level is 10X the one before/after it on the scale
- be able to list the four types of organic compounds and their monomers
and functions (chart from notes)
- list some of the polymers of each type of organic compound
(for example...what type of organic compound are enzymes, hormones,
starches, cholesterol, DNA, ATP, phospholipids, etc.)
Chapter 3
Cell Structure and Function
Vocabulary:
diffusion
osmosis
chromosome (note - humans have 46)
metabolism
organelle
Basic Concepts:
- state the parts of the cell theory
- know the functions of the following cell parts: plasma membrane, nucleus,
ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, and mitochondria)
refer to page 48, Fig. 3.4. (there will not be a diagram of the cell)
- describe the structure of the plasma membrane as a lipid bilayer with embedded
proteins and understand the term selectively permeable
- distinguish between active and passive transport including examples of each
- understand the mechanism of enzyme action (page 59, Fig. 3.18) and that enzymes
are proteins and the substance they act on is their substrate
- know the equation for cellular respiration (simplified) and explain where it takes
place and why it must take place
C6 H12 O6 +
O2
---------> CO2
+
H2O
+ ATP + heat
Chapter 4
Organization and Regulation of Body Systems
Vocabulary:
matrix
cancer
peritonitis
meningitis
Basic Concepts:
- know the four basic tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous
- describe the differences in function among the four basic types of
tissues
- describe the differences in structure among the four basic types of tissues
- be able to recognize what type of tissues mostly make up the skin, bone, fat,
the three types of muscle, neurons, cartilage, tendons and ligaments, blood,
linings and coverings.
Example: skin is mostly epithelial, skeletal muscle is muscle tissue, neurons
Are nervous tissue, bone is connective tissue, etc.
- recognize the mechanism of negative feedback and its importance to homeostasis
(page 86)
- know that the two systems that regulate all body functions are the nervous and
Endocrine systems
- know that cancer is a rapid reproduction of your own cells which is most likely to happen in
cells that would normally reproduce rapidly, especially epithelial and connective tissue cells
Chapter 8
Digestive System
Vocabulary:
villi
diarrhea/constipation
ulcer
peristalsis
heartburn/esophageal reflux
jaundice
hepatitis
cirrhosis
Basic Concepts:
- be able to identify the parts of the digestive system and accessory organs on a
diagram
- know the functions of the parts listed on page 169, Fig. 8.1
- know the function and location of action for the following enzymes:
salivary amylase, pepsin, trypsin, lipases
- state the function of bile and know that it is made by the liver
- describe the functions of the liver (page 178, Table 8.2)
- describe the many ways in which calcium is important in the diet including
strong bones and teeth, nerve function, muscle function, and blood clotting
Chapter 6
Composition and Function of Blood
Vocabulary:
formed elements
hemoglobin
pathogen
antigen
antibody
anemia
leukemia
hemophilia
agglutination
Basic Concepts:
- know the three types of formed elements (RBC, WBC, and platelets) and their
functions
- describe the substances found in plasma and their functions
- understand that all blood cells are formed from bone marrow stem cells in the red
bone marrow
- know what substances are needed for blood to clot successfully
- know the universal receiver and donor and why some blood types can be exchanged
and others cannot
Chapter 5
Vocabulary:
Cardiovascular System
cardiac cycle
hypertension
systole/diastole
aneurism
stroke
MI (heart attack)
atherosclerosis
angioplasty
angina pectoris
heart murmur
embolus/thrombus
Basic Concepts:
- describe the differences in structure and function among arteries, veins and
capillaries
- identify the parts of the heart on a diagram
- describe the flow of blood through the heart
- identify the parts of the intrinsic conduction system in the heart
- identify the parts of an ECG and what each signifies
- know what blood pressure is measuring, what is normal and where it is highest
- distinguish between the pulmonary and systemic circulations
- describe the causes of cardiovascular disease and ways to prevent it
- know that the exchange of all nutrients, gases and wastes takes place only through
capillaries
Chapter 11
Vocabulary:
Skeletal System
appendicular skeleton
axial skeleton
arthritis
growth plate
ligament/tendon
Basic Concepts:
- identify the bones on a diagram of the skeleton
- understand that bone develops from cartilage models
(Fig. 11.11, page 252)
- list the steps in bone repair (page 256)
- describe the body movements (flexion and extension, adduction and abduction)
** We have discussed homeostasis a lot this semester. Be sure to know several specific
examples of homeostasis working in the body.
Chapter 12
Vocabulary:
Muscular System
atrophy
origin/insertion
motor unit
neuromuscular junction
oxygen debt
tetanus, the disease
Basic Concepts:
- understand that muscles work in antagonistic pairs (examples...)
- identify the muscles listed in your notes for Ch. 12 on a diagram, page 266
- understand how the sliding filament theory explains muscle contraction
(including the necessity of calcium ions and ATP)
- list some of the specific benefits of regular exercise
- describe the three source of energy for muscle contraction, page 273
(fermentation, creatine phosphate breakdown and cellular respiration)
which is most efficient, which makes lactic acid, etc.
Chapter 13
Vocabulary:
Nervous System
action potential
Alzheimer's disease
CNS/PNS
nerve
reflex
neurotransmitter
meninges
Parkinson's disease
Basic Concepts:
- know the parts of a neuron and the three types of neurons
(page 285, Figure 13.2)
- understand the electrochemical nature of impulses
(electro = pos. and neg. charges: chemical = Na+ ,etc.)
- show how an impulse travels across a synapse (page 288)
- identify the parts of the brain on a diagram (page 293)
- identify the general functions of each part of the brain
- understand that the PNS is divided into the somatic and autonomic nervous
systems (function of each)
- understand that the autonomic nervous system is divided into the
sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
(function of each)
- discuss the ways that drugs affect the synapse (page 304)