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Transcript
ORGANELLE PACKET Today’ Organelle: Chloroplast • Macromolecule involved: Carbohydrates• Major Process discussed: Photosynthesis• Connection: Carbohydrates are formed during photosynthesis. To create these sugars covalent bonds are formed- strong bonds= more energy. The Specifics: Who • Who: Autotrophic Cells-Can you remember what these are? – Cells that can harness energy from the sun to create their own tissue and chemical energy • Plants, algae, and some bacteria Where Photosynthesis happens in the mesophyll cells Photosynthesis happens in the leaves of plants The chloroplasts are the organelles inside the mesophyll cells where photosynthesis occurs Where • Photosynthesis Occurs in the thylakoid membrane and stroma of the chloroplast Leaf Anatomy Waxy cuticle Epidermal cells Xylem- water tube Mesophyll Cells Phloem- food tube Guard Cells Stomata What • Photosynthesis: Using solar energy, autotrophs can capture and fix carbon in the atmosphere to create sugar for energy. • Oxygen is a byproduct or waste product for this process • Photosynthesis is ANABOLIC- BUILDING • CO2 + H2O O2 + C6H12O6 What- Cont. • CO2 + H2O O2 + C6H12O6 • Photosynthesis can be broken down into 2 basic steps – THE LIGHT REACTION: In the thylakoid membranes – THE DARK REACTION: In the Stroma CO2 +H2O C6H12O6 + O6 Enters Stomata Reaches leaves Leaves Stomata from roots through xylem CO2-atmosphere H2O Light energy (sun) ATP NADH ADP NAD Oxygen Passed to plant through Phloem Sugar Dark/ Calvin Benson cycle CO2 RuBP- and enzyme Rubisco ATP Glucose When • The Light Reactions of photosynthesis can only occur during the day when light is available • The Dark reactions are ongoing day and night Mini-Lab • Observing the stomata of spinach leaves Today’ Organelle: Mitochondria • Macromolecule involved: Carbohydrates/Nucleotides (some lipids and proteins as well) • Major Process discussed: Cellular Respiration • Connection: Carbohydrates are broken down to gain energy. Energy is in the form of ATP- a Nucleotide relative Who: • All Eukaryotic Organisms that have organelles and therefore mitochondria perform cellular respiration • Prokaryotes that do not have mitochondria can not perform cellular respiration and must therefore perform FERMENATION – that’s how you get beer and achy muscles. ATP- The currency of the cell NADH- Transfers Electrons to make 3 ATPs FADH2- Transfers Electrons to make 2 ATPs NADH- Transfers Electrons to make 3 ATPs FADH2- Transfers Electrons to make 2 ATPs What • Cellular Respiration is CATABOLIC- it Breaks down sugars to create energy • Cellular Respiration is the process by which organisms break down sugar in the presence of oxygen to create cellular energy in the form of ATP • C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O What- an Overview Glycolysis Kreb Cycle Oxidative (ETC) Phosphorylation Cytosol Mitochondrial membrane Inner matrix What- Step 1 Glycolysis (cutting sugar) Summary of Glycolysis 1. One glucose (6C) converted into 2 pyruvates (3C). 2. Net yield of 2 ATP for use by cell. 3. Two NAD+ are converted into 2 NADH & 2H+. (These go to Electron Transport.) What- The Kreb Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle Goes around 2xs…1/pyruvate Oxidative Phosphorylation- the ETC http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=lRlTBRPv6 xM&feature=endscreen LAB-CELLULAR/PHOTOLAB Today’ Organelle: Cell Membrane • Macromolecule involved: Proteins and Lipids • Major Process discussed: Osmosis and Active Transport • Connection: The cell membrane is made of proteins and lipids. Ions- formed from broken ionic bonds must enter the membrane via transport. LAB-Osmosis and elodea lab Lab- Iodine Osmosis lab 1. Question 1: How does Concentration affect the extent of diffusion of an iodine through a membrane? • Hypothesis- IF THEN BECAUSE 2. Question 2: How does temperature of a solution affect the rate of diffusion of iodine through a membrane? • Hypothesis- IF THEN BECAUSE Directions • Create Solutions A B and C. WARNING- IODINE STAINS CLOTHES AND SKIN AND IS SOMEWHAT TOXIC TO THE TASTE. A- 2 tsp of Iodine: 1 Cup of water B- 1 tsp iodine: 1 Cup of water C- ½ tsp iodine: 1 Cup of water Today’ Organelle: Nucleus • Macromolecule involved: Nucleic Acids & Proteins • Major Process discussed: CENTRAL DOGMA – Replication, Transcription, Translation • Connection: The Nucleus of the cell protects the DNA, copies it into RNA and use RNA to make proteins Who • All Eukaryotic cells they have a nucleus to protect their DNA What • Replication- DNA is copied (doubled) to create a new cell with identical information • Transcription- DNA is copied to make RNA to leave the nucleus to make proteins • Translation- RNA is read by a Ribosome to create the proteins for the body Where • Replication- Can only Happen in the Nucleus • Transcription- Can only Happen in the Nucleus • Translation- outside of the nucleus in the cytoplasm by Ribosomes