Download ORGANELLE PACKET

ORGANELLE PACKET
Today’ Organelle: Chloroplast
• Macromolecule involved: Carbohydrates• Major Process discussed: Photosynthesis• Connection: Carbohydrates are formed during
photosynthesis. To create these sugars
covalent bonds are formed- strong bonds=
more energy.
The Specifics: Who
• Who: Autotrophic Cells-Can you remember
what these are?
– Cells that can harness energy from the sun to
create their own tissue and chemical energy
• Plants, algae, and some bacteria
Where
Photosynthesis
happens in the
mesophyll cells
Photosynthesis happens
in the leaves of plants
The chloroplasts are the
organelles inside the
mesophyll cells where
photosynthesis occurs
Where
• Photosynthesis Occurs in the thylakoid
membrane and stroma of the chloroplast
Leaf Anatomy
Waxy cuticle
Epidermal cells
Xylem- water tube
Mesophyll Cells
Phloem- food tube
Guard Cells
Stomata
What
• Photosynthesis: Using solar energy,
autotrophs can capture and fix carbon in the
atmosphere to create sugar for energy.
• Oxygen is a byproduct or waste product for
this process
• Photosynthesis is ANABOLIC- BUILDING
• CO2 + H2O O2 + C6H12O6
What- Cont.
• CO2 + H2O O2 + C6H12O6
• Photosynthesis can be broken down into 2
basic steps
– THE LIGHT REACTION: In the thylakoid membranes
– THE DARK REACTION: In the Stroma
CO2 +H2O  C6H12O6 + O6
Enters
Stomata
Reaches leaves Leaves
Stomata
from roots
through xylem
CO2-atmosphere
H2O
Light energy (sun)
ATP
NADH
ADP
NAD
Oxygen
Passed to plant
through
Phloem
Sugar
Dark/ Calvin Benson cycle
CO2
RuBP- and enzyme
Rubisco
ATP
Glucose
When
• The Light Reactions of photosynthesis can only
occur during the day when light is available
• The Dark reactions are ongoing day and night
Mini-Lab
• Observing the stomata of spinach leaves
Today’ Organelle: Mitochondria
• Macromolecule involved:
Carbohydrates/Nucleotides
(some lipids and proteins as well)
• Major Process discussed: Cellular Respiration
• Connection: Carbohydrates are broken down
to gain energy. Energy is in the form of ATP- a
Nucleotide relative
Who:
• All Eukaryotic Organisms that have organelles
and therefore mitochondria perform cellular
respiration
• Prokaryotes that do not have mitochondria
can not perform cellular respiration and must
therefore perform FERMENATION
– that’s how you get beer and achy muscles.
ATP- The currency of the cell
NADH- Transfers Electrons to make 3 ATPs
FADH2- Transfers Electrons to make 2 ATPs
NADH- Transfers Electrons to make 3 ATPs
FADH2- Transfers Electrons to make 2 ATPs
What
• Cellular Respiration is CATABOLIC- it Breaks
down sugars to create energy
• Cellular Respiration is the process by which
organisms break down sugar in the presence
of oxygen to create cellular energy in the form
of ATP
• C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O
What- an Overview
Glycolysis
Kreb Cycle
Oxidative (ETC)
Phosphorylation
Cytosol
Mitochondrial
membrane
Inner matrix
What- Step 1 Glycolysis (cutting sugar)
Summary of Glycolysis
1. One glucose (6C) converted into 2 pyruvates (3C).
2. Net yield of 2 ATP for use by cell.
3. Two NAD+ are converted into 2 NADH & 2H+.
(These go to Electron Transport.)
What- The Kreb Cycle or Citric Acid
Cycle
Goes around 2xs…1/pyruvate
Oxidative Phosphorylation- the
ETC
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=lRlTBRPv6
xM&feature=endscreen
LAB-CELLULAR/PHOTOLAB
Today’ Organelle: Cell Membrane
• Macromolecule involved: Proteins and Lipids
• Major Process discussed: Osmosis and Active
Transport
• Connection: The cell membrane is made of
proteins and lipids. Ions- formed from broken
ionic bonds must enter the membrane via
transport.
LAB-Osmosis and elodea lab
Lab- Iodine Osmosis lab
1. Question 1: How does Concentration affect
the extent of diffusion of an iodine through a
membrane?
• Hypothesis- IF THEN BECAUSE
2. Question 2: How does temperature of a
solution affect the rate of diffusion of iodine
through a membrane?
• Hypothesis- IF THEN BECAUSE
Directions
• Create Solutions A B and C.
WARNING- IODINE STAINS CLOTHES AND SKIN
AND IS SOMEWHAT TOXIC TO THE TASTE.
A- 2 tsp of Iodine: 1 Cup of water
B- 1 tsp iodine: 1 Cup of water
C- ½ tsp iodine: 1 Cup of water
Today’ Organelle: Nucleus
• Macromolecule involved: Nucleic Acids &
Proteins
• Major Process discussed: CENTRAL DOGMA
– Replication, Transcription, Translation
• Connection: The Nucleus of the cell protects
the DNA, copies it into RNA and use RNA to
make proteins
Who
• All Eukaryotic cells they have a nucleus to
protect their DNA
What
• Replication- DNA is copied (doubled) to create
a new cell with identical information
• Transcription- DNA is copied to make RNA to
leave the nucleus to make proteins
• Translation- RNA is read by a Ribosome to
create the proteins for the body
Where
• Replication- Can only Happen in the Nucleus
• Transcription- Can only Happen in the Nucleus
• Translation- outside of the nucleus in the
cytoplasm by Ribosomes