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Mr. Burton
12.3 Please grab your folder,
writing utensil, and paper.
Please, silently sit.
Big Idea
After the early spread of Islam, three
large Islamic empires formed–the
Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal.
Muslim armies capture many
countries
After Muhammad’s death, Abu Bakr
became the first caliph, the title that
Muslims use for the highest leader of
Islam.
Caliphs were not religious leaders, but
political and military leaders.
Abu Bakr directed a series of battles
against Arab tribes who did not follow
Muhammad’s teachings.
Growth of the Empire
Muslim armies battled tribes
that did not follow
Muhammad’s teachings.
The Muslim armies united
Arabia, then defeated the
Persian and Byzantine
empires.
Conquered people could
not build new churches or
dress like Muslims.
Christians and Jews could
continue to practice their
own religion.
After years of fighting Muslim
armies, many Berbers, a native
people of North Africa,
converted to Islam and joined
forces with the Arabs.
A combined Berber and Arab
army invaded Spain and
conquered it in AD 711.
Trade spreading Islam
Along with their trade goods, Arab merchants took
Islamic beliefs to new lands.
Islam spread to India, Africa, and Southeast Asia.
Trade brought new products to Muslim lands.
Travelers learned how to make paper from the
Chinese.
Merchants brought crops of cotton, rice, and
oranges from India, China, and Southeast Asia.
Muslim merchants set up trade businesses in
Africa.
A Mix of Cultures
As Islam spread through
trade, warfare, and treaties,
Arabs came into contact
with people who had
different beliefs and
lifestyles.
Language and religion
helped unify many groups
that became part of the
Islamic world.
Muslims generally
practiced tolerance,
or acceptance, with
regard to these
people.
Jews and
Christians, in
particular, could
keep their beliefs.
Growth of Cities
Baghdad
Capital of Islamic Empire
One of the world’s richest
cities through trade and
farming.
Center of culture and
learning
Cordoba
By the AD 900s,
was the largest and
most advanced city
in Europe
Showplace of
Muslim civilization
Expansion of Islam
The great era of Arab Muslim
expansion lasted until the 1100s.
Three non-Arab Muslim groups built
large, powerful empires that took
control of much of Europe, Asia, and
Africa.
Ottoman Empire
Ottomans were Muslim
Turkish warriors who took
territory in the mid-1200s.
During Suleyman’s rule, the
Ottoman Empire reached
its height.
The Ottomans were aided
by slave soldiers called
Janissaries.
Ottomans took control of
the eastern Mediterranean
and pushed farther into
Europe from 1520–1566.
They had new gunpowder
weapons.
Mehmed II and Suleyman I
led conquests that turned
the Ottomans into a world
power.
They would control these
areas until the early 1800s.
Safavid Empire Begins
Safavids were Persian Muslims.
A conflict arose over who should be caliph among
the Safavids, Ottomans, and other Muslims.
Islam split into two groups.
The Shia thought that only members of
Muhammad’s family could become caliphs.
The Sunni thought it did not matter as long as
they were good Muslims and strong leaders.
Safavid Empire
The Safavid Empire began in 1501 when the
Safavid leader Esma‘il conquered Persia and
made himself shah, or king.
He made Shiism, the beliefs of the Shia, the
official religion of the empire.
‘Abbas became shah in 1588. He became the
greatest Safavid leader.
He defeated the Uzbeks and took back lands that had
been lost to the Ottomans.
The Safavids blended Persian and Muslim
traditions.
The Safavid Empire lasted until the mid-1700s.
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire was located in northern India
and was comprised of Turkish Muslims from
Central Asia.
Babur established the Mughal Empire, but it grew
mostly under an emperor named Akbar.
Akbar’s tolerant policies allowed Muslims and
Hindus to live in peace.
In the late 1600s, an emperor reversed the
tolerant policies, which led to conflicts and the end
of the empire.