Download Activity 7: Appendicular Skeleton

LABORATORY
4&5
THE SKELETON
Objectives
1. Identify and classify the human bone as either long, flat, short, irregular or
sesamoid
2. Define the following terms and find examples of each of these markings using
bones available in the lab
Foramen
Epicondyle
Meatus
Fissure
Tuberosity
trochanter
spine
facet
groove
process
crest
head
condyle
sinus
tubercle
line
ramus
Fossa
3. Describe the gross structure of a long bone and identify the different parts
of a long bone using a diagram or a sectioned specimen
Diaphysis
epiphyseal line
articular cartilage
epiphysis
red marrow
epiphyseal plate
periosteum
yellow marrow
Sharpey’s fibers
Endosteum
Trabeculae
4. Describe the chemical composition of a bone
5. Describe the microscopic structure of a compact bone and identify the
following components of an osteon (haversian system) using a prepared
slide, model or a diagram
Central canal
Canaliculi
Lamella(concentric)
lacunae
Perforating canal
Interstital lamella
6. Identify the following bones and their markings in the axial skeleton using
specimens, models and diagrams
a. Cranium: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, ethmoid, sphenoid and
sutures
b. Facial bones: mandible, maxillae, palatine, vomer, zygomatic, nasal,
lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae
c. Hyoid bone
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7. The vertebral column: cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and
coccyx
8. Thorax: sternum, ribs
9. Identify the four curvatures of the vertebral column (cervical, thoracic, lumbar,
and sacral)
10. Identify the following bones and their markings in the appendicular skeleton
using models, specimens and diagrams
a. pectoral girdle and upper extremity: clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius,
ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
b. pelvic girdle and lower extremity: ilium, ischium, pubis, femur, tibia,
fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
11. Identify the foramina that act as passageways for each of the cranial nerves,
spinal cord, internal carotid artery, and the internal jugular vein.
12. Identify the bones as to whether they belong to the right side or left side of
the body.
Introduction
The skeletal system supports and protects the body, provides a site for blood cell
formation, and is a site of storage of minerals. It is made of bones that connect
together to form joints. There are about 206 named bones that make up the axial
and appendicular skeleton. Axial skeleton includes the bones of the skull,
vertebral column and rib cage. Appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the
upper and lower limbs and the pelvic and pectoral girdles. This lab exercise will
focus on the study and identification of the individual bone and selected bone
surface markings.
Bones can be classified as compact or spongy based on the type of osseous
tissue. Compact bone is found on the hard external layer while spongy or
cancellous bone is found in the interior (honey –combed appearance) Bones can
also be classified as long, short, flat or irregular based on their shape.
The long bone is usually used as a sample to study the gross structure of a bone
as it contains all the general features of any bone. It is used to study the
microscopic structures as well. Although compact bone appears solid to the
human eye, microscopically it has lot of passageways for blood vessels, nerves
and lymphatic vessels. The structural unit of a compact bone is called the osteon
or the Haversian system. This lab exercise will give ample opportunities to
identify and classify individual bones into the different types based on shape. It
will also focus on the gross structure, microscopic structure and chemical
composition of bone as well.
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Materials
1. Each student should have a compound microscope.
2. Class materials to be shared by students:
Prepared slides of bone (compact, cancellous), disarticulated bones, long
bone sectioned longitudinally. A bone soaked in an acidic solution and a
bone which has been baked.
Activity 1:
Bone Classification
Resources:
Textbook:
Photographic atlas:
pages 174–176
pages 33-57
Given any human bone, classify it as being long, short, irregular, flat, or
sesamoid
Human bone
Long
Longer than its width
Irregular
Does not fit any
other type
Short
Cube Shaped
Flat
Thin, flat,
curved
Sesamoid
Type of short bone
that forms in tendons
Tips:
1. To differentiate certain long bones (hand, foot) from a short bone it is
helpful to look at the general characteristics as opposed to how it appears
to the human eye (e.g.: metacarpals are classified as long bones even
though they appear short compared to other long bones like the femur or
tibia).
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Activity 2:
Bone Markings
Resources:
Textbook:
pages 179–180
Photographic atlas: pages 33-57
Learn the following terms and find examples of each of these markings using
bones available in the laboratory.
Foramen
(hole for vessels
and nerves)
Epicondyle
(area above
condyle)
epi=above
Trochanter
(large, irregular,
rough projection)
spine
(sharp pointed
projection)
Crest
(prominent ridge
of bone)
head
(rounded
projection on top
of a narrow neck)
Meatus
( tube like
passageway)
Facet
(smooth surface
for articulation)
Condyle
(rounded area for
articulation)
Fissure
( narrow crack or
slit like opening)
Groove
sulcus, elongated
depression in a
bone)
Sinus
air filled cavity
within a bone)
Tuberosity (large,
raised, rough
area)
Process
(projection)
Tubercle
(smaller projection
than tuberosity)
line
(narrow ridge of
bone, less
prominent than
crest)
Ramus
(the portion of the
bone that makes
an angle with the
rest of the
structure)
Fossa
(shallow
depressed area of
a bone)
Tips:
1. Most often structures passing through the different bone markings will
bear a similar name as the marking.(e.g.: carotid artery passes through
carotid canal ; optic nerve passes through optic foramen)
2. It makes it easier to learn the above mentioned bone markings when you
categorize most of them into different groups. One suggested method is
as follows:
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Bone markings
Markings that help to
form joints
Head, Condyle, Facet,
Ramus
Markings that allow
passage of blood vessels
and nerves
Markings that serve as
sites for muscle attachment
Meatus, Fissure,
Foramen,
Groove
Tuberosity, Tubercle, Crest,
Line, Trochanter, Spine,
Process, Epicondyle
Activity 3:
Gross anatomy of a long bone
Resources:
Textbook:
Photographic atlas:
pages 177-179
pages 33-57
Identify the following portions of a long bone using a diagram or a sectioned long
bone:
Diaphysis
epiphyseal line
articular cartilage
epiphysis
red marrow
epiphyseal plate
periosteum
yellow marrow
Sharpey’s fibers
Endosteum
Trabeculae
1. If you are using a freshly sectioned bone proper sanitary precautions have
to be followed. At the end of the activity replace the specimen in the
appropriate container and dispose of the gloves in the designated place.
Wash your hands before continuing other work.
2. With a fresh specimen, if you pull away the periosteum from the bone, you
can see fibers extending from the periosteum to the bone. These are the
Sharpey’s fibers.
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Activity 4:
Chemical composition of bone
Resources:
Textbook:
pages 182-183
Discuss the role of organic materials (collagen) and inorganic materials
(minerals) in maintaining the strength of bone.
1. Observe the effects of acid and heat on a bone sample. Samples have
already been pre soaked in acid as well as baked (heat treated).
2. Observe what happens when you apply gentle pressure to both samples.
What do you think happens to the bone when it is soaked in acid and when it
Is heat treated?
Activity 5:
Resources:
Microscopic structure of compact bone
Textbook:
Photographic atlas:
pages 181-182
pages 24-25
Identify the following portions of the osteon (Haversian system) using a prepared
slide, model or diagram:
Central (Haversian) canal
Canaliculi
perforating (Volkmann’s) canal
interstitial lamella
lacunae
lamella
Tips:
1. In the prepared slide of compact bone (ground bone) you would see
rings of lamellae (concentric) around a central canal. The central canal will
appear either clear or black. The osteocytes (bone cells) will also appear
black. Sometimes you can see a clear space or a cavity around the
osteocytes which would be the lacunae. The canaliculi appear as thin
wavy threads extending from one osteocyte to another.
Activity 6:
Resources:
Axial Skeleton
Textbook:
Photographic atlas:
pages 199-226
pages 33-57
Identify the following bones and their markings, using charts, diagrams, models
and bone specimens
1. The Cranium
a. Frontal Bone: Supraorbital foramen, glabella
b. Parietal Bone
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c. Temporal Bone: squamous region, tympanic region,
mastoid region, petrous region, zygomatic process, mandibular
fossa, external auditory meatus, styloid process, mastoid process,
jugular foramen, carotid canal, internal acoustic meatus, foramen
lacerum, stylomastoid foramen
d. Occipital Bone: foramen magnum, occipital condyle, hypoglossal
canal, external occipital crest, superior and inferior nuchal line
e. Sphenoid Bone: greater wings, lesser wings, superior orbital
fissure, sella turcica, hypophyseal fossa, optic canal, pterygoid
process, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum
f. Ethmoid Bone: crista galli, cribriform plate, perpendicular plate,
superior nasal conchae, middle nasal conchae
g. Sutures: sagittal, coronal, lambdoidal, squamosal, frontonasal
2. Facial Bones
a. Mandible: body, ramus, mandibular condyle, coronoid process,
mandibular angle, alveolar margin, mandibular foramen
b. Maxillae: alveolar margin, palatine process, infraorbital foramen
c. Palatine Bones
d. Zygomatic Bones
e. Lacrimal Bones
f. Nasal Bones
g. Inferior Nasal Conchae
h. Vomer
3. Hyoid Bone: greater horn, lesser horn
4. Vertebral Column
a. Identify the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae and indicate
the number of vertebrae in each class.
b. Identify the atlas, axis and the odontoid process (dens)
c. Identify the sacrum, and locate the following sacral markings:
superior articular surface, body, alae, sacral canal, sacral
promontory, median sacral crest, sacral foramina
d. Identify the coccyx
e. Identify the following vertebral markings: spinous process,
transverse process, superior/inferior articular process, pedicle,
body, lamina, transverse foramen, vertebral foramen, costal facet,
inferior notch
f. Identify the four curvatures of the vertebral column (cervical,
thoracic, lumbar, and sacral). State whether the curvature is
concave or convex.
5. Bony Thorax
a. Sternum: Manubrium, body (gladiolus), xiphoid process, jugular
notch, sternal angle
b. Ribs: True (vertebrosternal), false (vertebrocostal), floating
(vertebral)
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Activity 7:
Resources:
Appendicular Skeleton
Textbook:
Photographic atlas:
pages 227-243
pages 33-57
Identify the following bones and their markings, using charts, diagrams, models
and bone specimens. Be sure to know the distinguishing features that would
enable you to distinguish a right-sided bone from a left-sided bone (e.g.: be able
to distinguish left humerus from right humerus).
1. The pectoral girdle and the upper extremity
a. Clavicle: Sternal (medial) end, acromial (lateral) end
b. Scapula: glenoid cavity, coracoid process, acromian process,
medial (vertebral) border, lateral (axillary) border, superior border,
inferior angle, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, subscapular
fossa, suprascapular notch, spine
c. Humerus: head, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular
groove, anatomical neck, deltoid tuberosity, capitulum, trochlea,
medial epicondyle, lateral epicondyle, coronoid fossa, olecranon
fossa
d. Radius: head, neck, radial tuberosity, ulnar notch, styloid process
e. Ulna: olecranon process, coronoid process, styloid process, head,
trochlear notch, radial notch
f. Carpals: scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid,
capitate, hamate
g. Metacarpals and Phalanges
2. The pelvic girdle and lower extremity
a. Ilium: Iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine, anterior inferior iliac
spine, posterior superior iliac spine, posterior inferior iliac spine,
greater sciatic notch, iliac fossa
b. Ischium: Ischial tuberosity, ischial spine, lesser sciatic notch, ischial
ramus
c. Pubis: crest, inferior ramus
d. Define the term “ossa coxae”
e. Identify the obturator foramen and acetabulum
f. Identify the features that distinguish a male and a female pelvis
g. Femur: head, neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter,
intertrochantric crest, intertrochantric line, linea aspera, lateral
condyle, medial condyle, gluteal tuberosity, lateral epicondyle,
medial epicondyle, patellar surface, adductor tubercle
h. Tibia: medial condyle, lateral condyle, intercondylar eminence, tibial
tuberosity, medial malleolus
i. Fibula: lateral malleolus, head
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j.
Tarsals: Calcaneus, Talus, navicular, cuboid, lateral cuneiform,
medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform
Tips:
1. The following steps could be helpful in distinguishing whether a bone is
from the left or the right side of the body:
a. Identify the bone
b. Pick bone markings that will help you distinguish the anterior
portion from the posterior portion of the bone
c. Pick important bone markings to distinguish the medial side of the
bone from the lateral side of the bone
d. Identify the superior and inferior surface of the bone
e. Putting all these features together will help you correctly identify the
side of the body that a bone comes from.
f. Example: In the femur, the anterior surface is smooth and curved,
while the posterior surface is rough. The superior part has a
rounded head (which forms the hip joint with the hip bone). So, the
head has to be medial, or towards the center of the body. The
inferior surface has a smooth articular surface with the knee cap
(patella). The greater trochanter will be always be on the lateral
side. Combining all these features will help you orient a femur in
the lab.
Activity 8:
Resources:
Structures and their foramina
Textbook:
pages 202-212 (
table 7.1, page 216)
Photographic atlas: pages 33-57
Identify the foramina that act as passageways for each of the twelve cranial
nerves, the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein.
Tips:
1. Most often structures passing through the different bone markings will
bear a similar name as the marking.(e.g.: internal jugular vein passes
through jugular foramen; hypoglossal nerve passes through hypoglossal
canal)
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Checklist:
_____ classification of bones based on shape
_____ bone surface markings
_____ gross structure of bone
_____ chemical composition of bone
_____ microscopic structure of compact bone
_____ axial skeleton
_____ Skull
_____ facial bones
_____ vertebral column
_____ bony thorax
_____ hyoid bone
_____ cranial sutures
_____ appendicular skeleton
_____Clavicle
_____scapula
_____humerus
_____ulna
_____radius
_____carpals
_____metacarpals and phalanges
_____ossa coxa
_____femur
_____tibia
_____fibula
_____tarsals
_____metatarsals and phalanges
_____ distinguishing between right –sided and left-sided bones
_____12 cranial nerves, carotid artery, internal jugular vein and their foramina
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Lab 4 and 5 worksheet
Name: _____________________
Score: _____________________
1. Classify each bone listed by checking the appropriate column
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Femur
Frontal
Atlas
Fibula
Sacrum
Patella
Talus
Metatarsal
Phalange
Sternum
2. Match the term with the appropriate description
a. facet c. meatus e. trochanter g. foramen
i. epicondyle
b. fossa d. crest f. sinus
h. fissure j. condyle
_____
Air filled cavity
_____
Slit like opening
_____
Large rounded projection for articulation
_____
Large irregular projection
_____
Shallow depression
_____
Prominent ridge of bone
_____
Sharp slender process
_____
Raised area above the condyle
_____
Opening for vessels and nerves
_____
Canal like passageway
_____
Smooth surface for articulation
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k. spine
3. Use the terms below to identify the structures marked by lines in the
diagram.(some terms are used more than once)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
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epiphysis
periosteum
epiphyseal line
endosteum
medullary cavity
compact bone
articular cartilage
trabeculae
diaphysis
Sharpey’s fibers
red marrow cavity
nutrient artery
yellow marrow
4. Use the terms from the key in question # 3 to match the statements below
______
The adult remnant of the growth plate
______
collagenous bundles arising from the periosteum that
penetrate the bone
______
contains spongy bone in adults
______
the region of the bone found between the two epiphyses
______
lines the medullary cavity
______
hyaline cartilage found covering the epiphyses
______
site of blood cell formation
______
the plates of bone in spongy bone
5. What happened when gentle pressure was applied to the bone treated
with acid? What does the acid appear to remove from the bone?
____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
6. What happened when gentle pressure was applied to the baked bone?
What does baking appear to do to the bone?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
7. Which demonstration specimen (acid treated or heat treated) closely
resembles a clinical disorder with bone softness?
__________________________________________________________
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8. Prepare a sketch of ground compact bone as it appears under the
microscope and label the following structures:
canaliculi, concentric lamella, lacunae, osteon, central canal, interstitial lamella,
Volkmann’s canal
9. Define the following:
Canaliculi _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Lacunae _____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Osteon
_____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Central canal _________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Volkmann’s canal _______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Concentric lamella ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Interstitial lamella _______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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10. Rearrange the order of bones listed, to their proper order as they appear
in an articulated skeleton (from cephalic to caudal end).
mandible, first metatarsal, fibula, zygomatic, parietal, talus, clavicle, twelfth
thoracic vertebra, sacrum, 1st rib
Correct order of bones
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
11. Sort the following bones based on whether they belong to the appendicular or
axial skeleton.
coccyx, atlas, fibula, sphenoid, radius, vomer, calcaneus, clavicle, axis,
sacrum, navicular, sternum, os coxae, scapula, psiform, ethmoid
Axial
Appendicular
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
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12.
Indicate all the structures (cranial nerve(s), artery(ies), or vein(s))
that pass through the following foramina, canals, fissures or meatus:
jugular foramen _____________________________________________
carotid canal ________________________________________________
internal acoustic meatus _______________________________________
foramen magnum ____________________________________________
hypoglossal canal ____________________________________________
optic canal __________________________________________________
foramen rotundum ____________________________________________
foramen ovale _______________________________________________
stylomastoid foramen _________________________________________
cribiform plate _______________________________________________
superior orbital fissure _________________________________________
inferior orbital fissure __________________________________________
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13. Label the four curvatures of the vertebral column. Indicate whether they
are convex or concave.
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