Download Motivation

Motivation and Emotion
Chapter 8
Motivation
• Motivation - the process by which activities are
started, directed, and continued so that physical
or psychological needs or wants are met.
▫ Industrial and Organizational Psychology (I-O)
 Motivational principles that boost efficiency,
productivity, and well being in the work place
• Incentive Theory- we are pulled toward
behaviors by rewards or incentives
▫ Positive or negative environmental stimuli that
motivates behavior
▫ Extrinsic motivation- a person performs an action
because it leads to an outcome that is separate
from or external to the person. ( get rewards/avoid
punishments)
▫ Intrinsic motivation- desire to perform a behavior
for it’s own sake
Drive (Reduction) Theory of Motivation
• Drive-reduction theory - approach to
motivation that assumes behavior arises from
physiological needs that cause internal drives
to push the organism to satisfy the need and
reduce tension and arousal.
▫ Need - a requirement of some material (such as
food or water) that is essential for survival of the
organism.
▫ Drive - a psychological tension and physical
arousal arising when there is a need that
motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill
the need and reduce the tension(eating or
drinking).
Arousal Approach to Motivation
• Stimulus motive - a motive that appears to be
unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such
as curiosity.
• Arousal theory - theory of motivation in which people
are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of
tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or
decreasing stimulation.
▫ Sensation seeking behavior
 Driven by curiosity
Abraham Maslow’s- Hierarchy of Needs
• Humanist that believed we all have needs we
are motivated to satisfy
• Self-actualization - according to Maslow, the
point that is seldom reached at which people
have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and
achieved their full human potential.
• Peak experiences- according to Maslow, times
in a person’s life during which self
actualization is temporarily achieved.
Criticism- theory based on successful upper/middle class people living in the Western Hemisphere.
Hunger: Bodily Causes
• Insulin - a hormone secreted by the pancreas to
control the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the
bloodstream.
• Glucose- form of sugar that circulates in the blood
and provides energy
• Endocrine System
Hunger: Bodily Causes
• Weight set point – the particular level of
weight that the body tries to maintain.
 “Weight Thermostat”- fall below and hunger
increases while metabolism decreases
• Basal metabolic rate (BMR) - the rate at
which the body burns energy when the
organism is resting.
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Biological factors of Eating
• Lateral hypothalamus▫ tells the body to eat. If
damaged, a person could
starve to death
• Ghrelin- a hormone, that,
when released into the
bloodstream, cues your brain
that food is needed
Biological Factors of Eating Problems
• Ventromedial hypothalamus
▫ tells the body to stop eating- if
damaged a person will eat
uncontrollably
• Leptin - a hormone that, when
released into the bloodstream,
signals the hypothalamus that the
body has had enough food and
reduces the appetite while
increasing the feeling of being full.
▫ Role of leptin in obesity.
▫ Genetics and obesity.
 Genetics may play a part in anorexia
and bulimia, as well as insensitivity
to leptin.
Hunger: Social Causes
• Social cues for when meals are to be
eaten.
• Cultural customs.
• Food preferences.
• Use of food as a comfort device or
escape from unpleasantness.
• Eat when other people eat.
• Television Commercials
• Magazines
• Some people may respond to the
anticipation of eating by producing
an insulin response, increasing the
risk of obesity.
Obesity and weight control
• Obesity - a condition in which the
body weight of a person is 20 percent
or more over the ideal body weight
for that person’s height (actual
percents vary across definitions).
• Approximately 66% of Americans
• Especially dangerous for children (set
point, basal metabolic rate, eating
habits)
• Once a fat cell develops, it sticks
around
• Consequences are dire, lower life
expectancy and significant life long
health problems
• Environmental factors contribute to
weight- sleep loss, friendships,
attitude towards food
Eating Problems
• Anorexia nervosa - a condition in which a
person reduces eating to the point that a
weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal
body weight or more occurs.
• Bulimia - a condition in which a person
develops a cycle of “binging” or overeating
enormous amounts of food at one sitting,
and “purging” or deliberately vomiting
after eating or taking lacatives
▫ Leads to weakened heart muscle, tooth
decay, damage to the esophagus
▫ Binge Eating Disorder- without the
purging
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Elements of Emotion
• Emotion - the “feeling” aspect
of consciousness,
characterized by a certain
physical arousal, a certain
behavior that reveals the
emotion to the outside world,
and an inner awareness of
thoughts and feelings.
• Display rules - learned ways
of controlling displays of
emotion in social settings.
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
• James-Lange theory of emotion - theory in
which a physiological reaction leads to the
labeling of an emotion.
• “I am shaking, oh no, it’s a cougar! I am
afraid!”
▫ Fear followed your bodies response
• Cougar – Arousal – Emotion
Stimulus
Pounding Heart
J-L = Jump then Label
Fear
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
• Cannon-Bard theory of emotion - theory in
which the physiological reaction and the
subjective experience of emotion are assumed
to occur at the same time by the thalamus.
• “Oh no, it’s a cougar! I am shaking and I am
afraid!”
Arousal (Pounding Heart)
• Cougar =
+
Emotion (Fear)
Two Factor Theory of Emotion
• Schacter’s Two Factor theory – theory of
emotion in which both the physical arousal and
the cognitive labeling of that arousal based on
cues from the environment (situation) must
occur before the emotion is experienced.
▫ Emotions can feel the same but they change based
upon situation
• Also called the Cognitive Arousal theory or
The Schacter-Singer theory
• Cougar =
Arousal (Pounding Heart)
+
= Emotion (Fear)
Cognitive Label(I’m afraid)
Emotion and the ANS
• Autonomic Nervous System mobilizes your
body for action and calms it down
• Sympathetic system releases epinepherine
and norepinepherine, the liver increases
sugar in the blood, respiration increases,
digestion decreases, pupils dilate,
perspiration increases
• Parasympatheitc system takes over when the
emotion subsides.
Emotion and the brain
• Negative emotions are linked to the right side
while positive emotions are linked to the left.
• The Singer and Schacter study showed how
we interpret and label our state of arousal will
reflect in our emotional experience. (arousal
fuels emotion, cognition channels it)
▫ A stirred up state can be experienced in one
emotion or another depending on how we
interpret it
 Example: Fear, Anger, Sexual Excitement
Brain’s shortcut for emotion
• In the two track brain, sensory input may be
routed directly to the amygdala for an instant
emotional reaction, OR to the cortex for analysis.
• Ex. We see a shadow and get alarmed only to
realize it is something harmless.
• (speedy low road vs. thinking high road)
Brain’s shortcut for emotion
Detecting Emotion
• Humans are good at detecting emotions of others
by listening to their voice and watching their
facial muscles.
• It is easy to misread electronic communication
due to the absence of nonverbal cues.
• Women have a stronger ability to read nonverbal
cues and respond with more emotion to
situations than men
▫ More likely to express empathy
Universal Expressions
• Happy
• Sadness
• Surprise
• Anger
• Disgust
• Fear
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
• Facial feedback hypothesis - theory of
emotion that assumes that facial expressions
provide feedback to the brain concerning the
emotion being expressed, which in turn
causes and intensifies the emotion.
▫ Smiling induces happy feelings
▫ Emotions are contagious
• Pencil-in-the-lips
• Behavior Feedback- head up vs. head down
Function of fear
• Fear is adaptive.
• Learning to fear is a natural process
• Human fear is regulated by the amygdala,
which associates certain situations and object
with fear/danger.
• Phobias= intense fears out of proportion to
the danger they actually represent, that
disrupts a persons ability to cope.
Fried Green Tomatoes
Copyright © 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
What makes us angry?
Is “venting” a typical response to anger?
How does venting affect the character in the movie?
What’s the best way to handle anger?
Copyright © 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Anger
• Processed in different ways: boys-walking away
from situation or exercise, girls-talk it out with a
friend, music writing
• Chronic Anger linked to heart disease
• Catharsis- belief that we can vent our anger out,
relief achieved after experiencing emotion
(temporarily calming if does not leave us feeling
guilty or anxious)
Copyright © 2011
Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Happiness
• Feel-good, do-good phenomena- doing good
deeds causes us to feel good which increases
happiness/ when we feel happy, more likely to
help others
▫ Ex. Volunteering, donate money, pick up
someone’s dropped papers
• Subjective well-being- our feelings of happiness
or sense of satisfaction with life. (part of how we
measure quality of life).