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5.5 Multicellular Life KEY CONCEPT Cells work together to carry out complex functions. 5.5 Multicellular Life Multicellular organisms depend on interactions among different cell types. CELL TISSUE leaf stem vascular tissue ORGAN lateral roots primary root root system • Tissues are groups of cells that perform a similar function. • Organs are groups of tissues that perform a specific or related function. • Organ systems are groups of organs that carry out similar functions. shoot system SYSTEMS 5.5 Multicellular Life Specialized cells perform specific functions. • Cells develop into their mature forms through the process of cell differentiation. • Cells differ because different combinations of genes are expressed. • A cell’s location in an embryo helps determine how it will differentiate. Outer: skin cells Middle: bone cells Inner: intestines 5.5 Multicellular Life Stem cells are unique body cells. • Defining Characteristics: – Stem cells have the ability to - divide and renew themselves for long periods of time. - remain undifferentiated in form - develop into a variety of specialized cell types 5.5 Multicellular Life • Stem cells are classified into three potential types. – Totipotent:Can be grown into any other cell type – Pluripotent: Can be grown into any cell type but a totipotent cell – Multipotent: can be grown into cells of a closely related cell family 5.5 Multicellular Life • Stem cells come from adults and embryos. 1. Adult Stem Cells: partially undifferentiated cells located among the specialized cells of many organs and tissues. – Adult stem cells can be hard to isolate and grow. – The use of adult stem cells may prevent transplant rejection. 2. Embryonic Stem Cells: taken from clusters of undifferentiated cells in a 3-5 day old embryo. – Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and can be grown indefinitely in culture. – The use of embryonic stem cells raises ethical issues 5.5 Multicellular Life Embryonic Stem Cells First, an egg is fertilized by a sperm cell in a petri dish. The egg divides, forming an inner cell mass. These cells are then removed and grown with nutrients. Scientists try to control how the cells specialize by adding or removing certain molecules. 5.5 Multicellular Life • The use of stem cells offers many currently realized and potential benefits. – Stem cells are used to treat leukemia and lymphoma. – Stem cells may cure disease or replace damaged organs. – Stem cells may revolutionize the drug development process. 5.5 Multicellular Life 5.5 Multicellular Life After Debate Claim- Should stem cells be used? (yes or no) Evidence- (cite evidence from your research) Reasoning- (Explain the evidence) When done: Staple this to your research page(s). Due tomorrow: • Cell Size Lab • Pipe Cleaner Mitosis lab • Onion Cell Lab • Cancer Lab • Hydra Lab • Stem Cell Debate and CER paragraph