Download Transport circulation

Involves:
 Absorption
 Circulation
Circulation Involves:
 Pumping Mechanism (Heart)
 Vessels
 Blood
O2 Poor
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
O2 Rich
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Septum
Atria: • receiving chambers
(blood comes back to heart into atria)
Ventricles: • pumping chambers
(force blood out of the heart)
Arteries:
 Carry blood away from the heart
 Usually carry oxygenated blood
 Most muscular walls
 Most elastic
 Blood under the greatest pressure from heart
 Blood moves due to pressure from heart
 Smallest artery called arteriole
Veins:
 Carry blood to the heart
 Usually carry deoxygenated blood
 Walls less muscular than arteries
 Slightly elastic
 Blood under the lowest pressure
 Blood moves due to skeletal muscle contractions
 Valves keep blood moving in one direction
 Smallest vein called venule
Capillaries:
 Found in between arteries and veins
 connect arteriole to venules
 smallest blood vessel
 only one cell thick
 exchange of materials occurs here
(O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, wastes, etc…)
 blood passes through slowly allowing for
maximum absorption
5 Liters
Parts:
 Red Blood Cells
45%  White Blood Cells
 Platelets
55%  Plasma
(RBC)
(WBC)
Transports substances (yellowish color)
90% Water
10% Dissolved solids
• vitamins
• minerals
• salts
• amino acids
• glucose
• fatty acids
• glycerol
• hormones
• antibodies
• cellular waste
• various proteins
Transports Oxygen
 Formed in red bone marrow
 Contain hemoglobin
 Contains no nucleus or organelles
(cell membrane sac)
 Survive 120-130 days
 30 trillion circulating at one time
 2 million disintegrate every second
 5 million RBCs is the size of the head of pin
** Carbon monoxide has 40X the
affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin-breathing it may lead to death
Defense against disease
 Formed in red bone marrow, lymph nodes
and spleen
 Larger than RBC
 Less in number than RBC
 Contains nucleus and organelles
 Survive days to years
Two Major Types:
Phagocytosis
 Phagocytes: engulf foreign substances
 Lymphocytes: produce
Chemicals
that fight infection
antibodies
Blood clot formation
 Fragments of RBC
 Formed in red bone marrow
 Lack nuclei
 Survive 7-11 days
 More in number than WBC, less than RBC
Hemophilia:
• Hereditary disease (sex linked)
• Blood does not clot
• Missing needed protein substance (prothrombin)
Hypertension:
• High blood pressure
• Damages delicate organs and can cause stroke
(stroke can be cause by ruptured or clogged vessel)
Heart Attacks
Two Types
1. Coronary Thrombosis
Blockage of the coronary artery resulting
in oxygen deficiency in the heart muscle
2. Angina Pectoris
Narrowing of the coronary artery causing
an inadequate supply of oxygen to the
heart muscle
1st Line of Defense
 Skin – unbroken is a barrier
 Sweat
Contain chemicals that kill/
 Tears
inhibit bacteria
 Saliva
 Membranes lining passages
 Mucus – traps bacteria
 Stomach Acid – destroy many pathogens in food
Pathogen: organism that causes disease
2nd Line of Defense
Infection has occurred
Non-specific
Inflammatory Response:
Damaged cells from infection release chemical
causing an increase of blood in area
Swelling, Redness, Warmth, Pain in area of
infection
Attracts phagocytes which ingest pathogens and
damaged tissue forming pus
Pus - Phagocytes
- Pathogens
- Dead Cells
- Body Fluids
3rd Line of Defense
Last Line of Defense
Immune Response:
Specific Response
Lymphocytes produce specialized cells and
antibodies that bind to and deactivate pathogen
(infectious agent)
Based on the ability of the body to distinguish
self from non-self (pathogen/antigen)
Antibody – protein body makes to help get rid of antigen
Antibody ~ Antigen reactions are highly specific
Autoimmune Disorder:
Body recognizes own proteins as antigens and
initiates the immune response producing antibodies
against them
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
Allergy:
Immune response against harmless foreign
substances (hay pollen, ragweed, cat dander,
poison ivy etc….)
Organ Transplant Rejection:
•Recipient’s body recognizes organ (tissue) as foreign
• Initiates immune response producing antibodies
against the organ (tissue)
Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus
(H.I.V.)
Virus that causes AIDS
(Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome)
Spread through body fluids
(blood, semen, vaginal fluids)
Virus shuts down the immune system
People who are infected with HIV cannot
defend themselves against pathogens
Ways to decrease risk of becoming infected:
Typical virus shape
safer sex, no sharing of needles
Blood type and the Immune System
Each blood type has a specific antigen on the surface of RBC
• If different blood types are mixed:
Antibody ~ Antigen reaction occurs
(immune response to foreign antigen)
• Results in the clumping of RBCs
% Blood Type
39%
Antigens on RBC
Antibodies in Plasma
12%
A
A
B
4%
B
B
A
45%
AB
A&B
None
O
None
A&B
Blood Transfusion
(tissue donation)
Concern is rejection of donated blood
Universal Donor: Type O
(no antigens to attack)
Universal Recipient: Type AB
(no antibodies to attack with)
Types of Immunity
Inborn Immunity
• Present at Birth (Genetic)
• Example: Humans cannot be infected by parvo,
but dogs can be infected
Acquired Immunity
• Develops during life time
Passive Immunity
Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
 Person is given the antibodies to pathogen
 Immune system does NOT make the antibodies to
remove pathogen
 Immediate immunity
 Can become infected again in future
Inoculation (1-2 months)
Maternal – antibodies pass through placenta
(3-6 months) – long with breast feeding
Active Immunity
 Body produces sensitive lymphocytes and antibodies
 Immune system DOES make the antibodies to
remove pathogen
 Body “remembers” pathogen for next infection
Get disease and live
Vaccine
Dead/weakened pathogen (i.e. bacteria)
(tricks immune system to make antibodies
without an actual infection)