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Exploring Mendelian
Genetics
11-3
http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm
GENES are more complicated
than Mendel thought
____________________________ the
________________________.
= ________________________
Genes ________ the ______ for
development, but how plan unfolds also
_______ on ______________conditions.
Environment influences Phenotype
“Nature vs Nurture”
• Color of hydrangea flowers varies
depending on pH of soil
Images from: http://www.gardensablaze.com/Shrubs/ShrubsHydrangea.htm
Environment influences Phenotype
“Nature vs Nurture”
• Siamese cats and Himalayan rabbits have dark
colored fur on their extremities
• Allele that controls pigment production only
functions at the lower temperatures
Images from slide show by Tracy Nelson
GENES are more complicated
than Mendel thought
Some traits have
____________ allele __________
= ____________________
EX: blood type
Allele choices ___ ___ ___
GENES are more complicated
than MENDEL thought
Some traits are determined by
____________________________
= __________________
EX: human height.
intelligence,
skin & eye color
http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG
GENES are more complicated
than MENDEL thought
Traits determined by ____________
_________ have _____
“___________” phenotypes
There aren’t just SMART people
and DUMB people….
there is a ________________
of intelligences in-between
http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm
GENES are more complicated
than MENDEL thought
KINDS OF DOMINANCE
____________________
____________________
____________________
COMPLETE DOMINANCE
__________ allele _______
the ___________ one
PATTERN ?
____________ allele
________
in a _____ratio in the
____ generation
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
__________ expected
_____ ratio in
F2 generation
_____________ organisms with one
dominant and one recessive allele
show a _________ in-between trait
Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
CO-DOMINANCE
_______ traits are expressed at ___________
(____________________) in heterozygote
A ________HORSE has
______________ hair
and __________ hair
side by side
CO-DOMINANCE
Both traits are expressed together
(NO BLENDING) in heterozygote
Persons with an A allele
AND a B allele have
blood type AB
REMEMBER
Membrane proteins with
_______ attached that
help cells recognize self
= ______________
http://www.mannanw.com/super-sugars.htm
BLOOD TYPES
have more than 2 allele choices
= _________________________
The pattern of sugars that is
attached is determined by genes
Allele choices are:
_____ ____ ____
BLOOD TYPES
An A allele tells
the cell to put
“A” glycoproteins
on its surface
BLOOD TYPES
A B allele tells
the cell to put a
different “B”
glycoprotein
on its surface
BLOOD TYPES
An O allele tells
the cell NOT to put
anything on the
surface
A and B are CO-DOMINANT
A cell with
BOTH an
A and a B allele
has BOTH
“A” and “B”
glycoproteins on its
surface
BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES
GENOTYPE
AA
AO
BB
BO
OO
AB
PHENOTYPE
(BLOOD TYPE)
DONOR
BLOOD
A and AB see A
as “like me”
Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
B and O see A
as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ATTACKS!
DONOR
BLOOD
B and AB see B
as “like me”
Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
A and O see B
as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ATTACKS!
DONOR
BLOOD
____ can donate to
EVERY BLOOD TYPE
= _____________________
Nothing on surface to
recognize as “NOT SELF”
YOU DON’T HAVE
ANYTHING I DON’T
HAVE!
Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
DONOR
BLOOD
Only AB sees AB
as “like me”
Body images modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
A, B, and O see
AB as Different!
IMMUNE SYSTEM
ATTACKS!
AB can only GIVE to AB
BUT . . .
______ can RECEIVE FROM
EVERY BLOOD TYPE
= ________________________
Body image modified from:
http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg
BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY
IN USA
A
B
AB
O
40%
10%
4%
46%
http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html
ABO SYSTEM is NOT
THE ONLY ONE
+
Rh
Rh
OTHER BLOOD TYPES
____________________ IF:
MOM is _____
& BABY is _____
Image modified from:
http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif
MOM is _____
& BABY is ____
Can be a ___________ IF:
Mom is _____
Baby is _____
1st baby OK but few baby cells
entering mom’s bloodstream
put mom’s immune system on
alert for + cells.
Next + baby, mom’s immune
system can attack baby as it is
growing
Mom given shot after 1st birth
prevents this
Image modified from:
http://www.wsd1.org/lessonplans/images/Body.gif
Chromosomes that determine
the sex of an organism =
_________________
http://www.angelbabygifts.com/
All other chromosomes =
_________________
Humans have two sex chromosomes
and _____ autosomes
SEX DETERMINATION
XX =
Xy =
Who decides?
Mom can give X
Dad can give
X or y
X
X
X
y
SO _____ determines sex of the baby.
If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl
If dad give y with mom’s X = boy
HEMOPHILIA
CAUSE:
Mutation in genes for __________________
carried ______ chromosome
Blood clotting proteins are missing so person
with this disorder can’t stop bleeding when
injured; can ________________ from minor
cuts or suffer internal bleeding
from bruises or bumps.
HEMOPHILIA
Treatment:
Need ____________ of normal clotting
proteins to stop bleeding
_____________ in ______ because it is
X-linked, but females with ______ recessive
hemophilia alleles will also show the trait.
1 in 10,000 males has hemophilia
COLORBLINDNESS
CAUSE:
Mutation in one of three genes for
_______________ carried on X chromosome
Persons with this disorder have trouble
distinguishing colors.
_________________
colorblindness is most common
Seen in 1 in 10 males
1 in 100 females
http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/peripherals/samsung-develops-lcd-for-colorblind-036306.php
Males ONLY HAVE ONE X
DEFECTIVE
They either
have the
disorder
NORMAL
Or
They don’t
FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES
DEFECTIVE
NORMAL
DEFECTIVE
Females have
one normal
gene that works.
Females __________
defective recessive
alleles to show the
disorder
The X chromosome in males . . .
flies WITHOUT a copilot!
. . . there’s NO BACK UP X to help them!
X-linked cross
Xb
Xb
Dad is not
XB
colorblind
Mom is colorblind y
What is the probability of having a
colorblind boy?
What is the probability of having a
colorblind girl?
Girls with this genotype: XB Xb
don’t show the COLORBLIND trait
They have a
“backup” X.
BUT. . . .
They can pass the gene onto their
offspring.
A heterozygous person
who carries a recessive
allele for a genetic
disorder, but ________
show the trait
themselves
is called a
_____________
http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc460/spring/rlm/RLM36.1.html
DIHYBRID CROSSES
(2
traits)
http://mac122.icu.ac.jp/BIOBK/BioBookgenintro.html
Mendel also asked the question?
Does the gene that determines if a seed
is round or wrinkled have anything to
do with the gene for seed shape?
Must a seed that is yellow
also be round?
MAKING A CROSS with
______________ traits =
____________________
A Punnett square for
a DIHYBRID
CROSS looks like
this:
Figure 11-10 Independent Assortment in Peas
Section 11-3
Go to
Section:
LAW OF
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
__________________________
the factors are distributed to gametes
independently of other factors
Image modified from:
http://anthro.palomar.edu/mendel/mendel_1.htm
LET’S MAKE A DIHYBRID CROSS
HOMOZYGOUS
YELLOW ROUND
HOMOZYGOUS
GREEN WRINKLED
1. Figure
___________
are
out what _________________
parent alleles
2. Choose
________correct__________
Punnett square __________
size
3. Put
______
in possible_______________________
parent gametes
4. Fill
______
in boxes with _____________________
offspring combinations
5. Determine ____________of_____________&
probabilities phenotypes
____________
genotypes
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES
THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
HOMOZYGOUS
ROUND YELLOW
Each gamete should
get one of each kind
of gene
__ __ __ __
___________ ____________ _____________ _____________
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES
THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
HOMOZYGOUS
WRINKLED GREEN
Each gamete should
get one of each kind
of gene
__ __ __ __
___________ ____________ _____________ _____________
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE GAMETES
THIS PARENT CAN MAKE?
HETEROZYGOUS
ROUND YELLOW
Each gamete should
get one of each kind
of gene
__ __ __ __
___________ ____________ _____________ _____________
100% of offspring = _______ genotype
_______________________ phenotype
MAKE ANOTHER CROSS
HETEROZYGOUS
ROUND YELLOW
HETEROZYGOUS
ROUND YELLOW
POSSIBLE PARENT GAMETES?
____ Round &
Yellow
____ Round &
green
____ Wrinkled
& yellow
____ wrinkled
& green
Sign of a ______________________ cross is a
_____________ ratio in offspring.
____ ____________ TRAIT 1 ; ____________ TRAIT 2
____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2
____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2
____ ____________ TRAIT 1; _____________ TRAIT 2
__________ratio is a clue that it’s a
____________________________cross
PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES
for DIHYBRID CROSSES
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
What are the possible gametes?


pure round & pure tall = __________
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?
Heterozygous Tall = __________
& pure round


What are the possible gametes?
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
= __________


Hybrid tall
& pure wrinkled
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?
What are the possible gametes?
= __________


Heterozygous tall
& hybrid round
____ ____ _____ ______
What gametes can it produce?