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Mendel’s Laws of Heredity Why we look the way we look... Mendel used peas... They reproduce sexually They have two distinct, male and female, sex cells called gametes Their traits are easy to isolate Mendel crossed them Fertilization - the uniting of male and female gametes Cross - combining gametes from parents with different traits What Did Mendel Find? He discovered different laws and rules that explain factors affecting heredity. Rule of Dominance The trait that is observed in the offspring is the dominant trait (uppercase) The trait that disappears in the offspring is the recessive trait (lowercase) Law of Segregation Genes appear in pairs on homologous chromosomes SEPARATED when gametes are formed Recombine during fertilization Law of Independent Assortment The genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other. Homologous chromosomes move randomly to gametes Explains why siblings look different Monohybrid Vs Dihybrid Monohybrid Cross - crossing parents who differ in only one trait (AA with aa) Dihybrid Cross - crossing parents who differ in two traits (AAEE with aaee) Bozeman Tutorial http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1P CwxUDTl8 Incomplete Dominance - Blend Codominance - Both show Sex-Linked Sex-Linked Multiple Alleles - Blood Type Multiple Alleles - Blood Type Dihybrid Cross - 2 traits