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So…now that you know what a “living thing” is… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Is made of one or more_________. Is composed of certain_________. _________&__________. __________to a __________. Requires_________. _____________ And you know what living things require… ______________ 2. ______________ 3. ______________ 4. ______________ And remember, not all living things need “air” but the gases are important. 1. So…what about these here cells? What exactly are they? Okay…I’ll tell ya…in a minute How All of This “Stuff” Fits Together Organisms: a person, a fish, a lizard, a tree, an amoeba Organ Systems: Circulatory, Respiratory, etc. Organs: Stomach, lungs, gills, heart, brain. Tissues: vascular, nerve, muscle. Cells: the basic unit of structure and function! Organelles: Structures within a cell that perform specific functions Cells…what are they? What’s in ‘em? • First of all, the study of cells is called… CYTOLOGY The Cell Theory 1. All organisms are made of one or more cells. (Schleiden & Schwann) 2. The cell is the basic unit of all living things. (Schleiden & Schwann) 3. All cells come from existing cells. (Rudolph Virchow). Important Folks 1. Robert Hooke 1674- was the first dude to observe cells. • Observed dead cork cells under a simple microscope, • Saw the compartment like structure, he termed the different “compartments” cells…ipso facto…CELLS. • 2. Anton van Leeuwenhoek: 1674 • “Father of Microscopy” • Checked out cells in living algae. He proved that that living things were made up of cells. • First to look at bacteria • 3.Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden: 1839-ish • First two components of the cell theory. • Rudolph Virchow (late 1800’s): Final part of the cell theory. Surface Area to Volume Ratio • This explains why cells don’t get bigger than they do. • As a cell grows, the inside of the cell (its volume) grows at a greater pace than the outer surface of the cell membrane (its surface area). • If the cell grew too large, nutrients could not get in fast enough and waste couldn’t get out fast enough. Two Major Types of Cells Prokaryotic Single celled organisms with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. Earliest appearing cells. Bacteria-most common Archaea-tough little buggers that can live where nothing else can. Eukaryotic Uni or multicellular Have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Larger than prokaryotic cells (about 10x on average). Animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Prokaryote v Eukaryote Prokaryotes Both Bacteria and Archaea Cell Membrane Smaller Appear Earlier Circular DNA in Nucleoid Cell Wall (some Euk) Ribosomes DNA Eukaryotes Animal, plant, fungi, protists Larger Appear later Linear DNA in Nucleus No Membrane-bound organelles Reproduce by Cell division Reproduce by binary fission Cytoplasm Reproduce by Mitosis Flagella Larger ribosomes Simple Cell Walls (if present) Smaller ribosomes Complex Cell Walls Membrane-bound organelles What’s in a Cell? Another view Animals, Plants, Protists, & Fungi Bacteria & Archaea WHAT'S IN A Prokaryotic CELL…Bacteria Style WHAT'S IN A Eukaryotic CELL…Animal Style WHAT'S IN A Eukaryotic CELL…Plant Style Organelles (the working parts that are inside of cells) You know how there are organs in your body that do “things?” Well, organelles do similar things in cells. Like…your brain controls what your body does…right? There’s an organelle in a cell that controls this stuff. How? Well…it’s biochemical…but…you’ll get there Anyway, that’s an ANALOGY, which is… “a comparison between two things, typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation or clarification.” Some have a covering called a membrane. These are referred to as membrane-bound organelles. We’ll call ‘em MBO’s for short. Cell Membrane AKA Plasma membrane or plasmalemma. Two layers of phospholipids…a phospholipid bilayer. Separates the cell from the environment. Selectively permeable…that means it can “let stuff through” and “keep other stuff out.” Sweet! This thing makes chemical “decisions” about what can enter or leave. Analogy: it’s like a security guard. “You can come in but yer friend’s gonna have to wait outside.” Which types of cells? All types! Nucleus This is the “brain” or “CPU” of the cell. It controls all of the cell’s functions and contains the DNA (which determines heredity). Analogy: Well, a brain or CPU…like I said. Which types of cells? All types of EUKARYOTIC cells. Mitochondria This is where CELLULAR RESPIRATION takes place. You know…energy from food…ATP production. The more of these you find in the cell, the more ATP is being produced. Analogy: It’s like a battery in an I-Pad. Which types of cells? All types of EUKARYOTIC cells. There is a theory that supports the idea that these organelles were once actual organisms that lived in other organisms in a mutualistic symbiotic relationship! This is called the endosymbiont theory. Chloroplasts This is where PHOTOSYNTHESIS takes place. You know…food from energy…using the SUN. Analogy: Sorta like bread cooking in an oven...it uses the heat energy to react ingredients, which turns it from dough to bread. Which types of cells? Certain types of EUKARYOTIC cells…plants, algae, and some bacteria. Cell Wall This is wall (duh) outside of the cell membrane. Not all cells have one, but it’s function is to provide structure and protection. Analogy: Like a chainlink fence around a compost pile. Which types? All Types …and composition… Plant cells-cellulose Fungi-Chitin Bacteria-peptidoglycan (protein/sugar) Cytoplasm This is actually a bunch of stuff. A gel matrix full of water, nutrients, gases, structures, and wastes. Essentially, it is all of the cell’s contents except the nucleus. Analogy: If the school was a cell and the office was the nucleus, the cytoplasm would be everything inside the walls of the school…except for the office. Which type of cells? All types! Ribosomes These are really small (they’re measured in Svedbergs…I did NOT make that up). They are the organelle in which proteins are made (that’s called protein synthesis). Analogy: In a factory…whomever assembles the parts to make the final product…they’re the ribosomes! Which types of cells? All types! Endoplasmic Reticulum Imagine that you crumpled up a piece of giant piece of newspaper and could get it inside of a beach ball. That’s kind of what the ER is. Instead of newspaper…it’s a network of membranes. Substances like nutrients and wastes move along the surface to get from one place to another within a cell. There’s smooth ER and rough ER. The rough ER has ribosomes stuck in it. How convenient for transporting proteins around the cell…donchathink? Analogy: The floors in our school. You can move along them to get around. What types of cells? Eukaryotic Golgi Bodies These are related to the ER, but they are stand-alone (they’re not all connected). They take substances (like proteins), wrap them in membrane material, and send them out to other parts of the cell. Analogy: The US Post Office takes your mail, puts it in a truck or on a plane, and delivers it. What types? Eukaryotic Vacuole These are a type of vesicle (like a plastic bag) that holds and stores stuff. Food Vacuoles store…uhhh…food. Water Vacuoles store…yup! Contractile Vacuoles help keep the proper balance of water inside and outside of certain cells. Analogy: Like a refrigerator or water cooler in an office. What types? Eukaryotes Lysosomes These are small organelles that break down waste substances and old organelles that don’t work anymore. Analogy: They’re like little recycling bins or garbage disposals. Which types? Eukaryotes! Chemical Compounds in the Cell Remember what a compound is…huh…do ya? It’s two or more elements that are CHEMICALLY combined. They lose their individual properties and take on a completely new identity…but you knew that right ? Just to refresh your memory… Elements: substance composed of only one type of atom. Hint: if it ain’t on da periodic table…it ain’t an element. Atoms: smallest amount of an element that you can have. Types of cellular compounds Organic: These are compounds that contain carbon. Inorganic: Umm…they don’t have carbon (with the exception of CO2, which has C but isn’t organic...go figure). How to tell the difference… C6H12O6…Yup! KMnO4…Nope! Got It…Good Proteins Large organic molecules. Composed of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), and sometimes sulfur (S). Proteins are essential (important) for cell membranes, muscle tissue, and organelles within cells. Made up of AMINO ACIDS, which are smaller molecules that link together to make the larger protein molecule. There are many amino acids but there are some are ESSENTIAL. The 20 are combined in many ways to make different proteins. ENZYMES A special type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions in cells. Enzymes can be recognized by the –ase at the end of their name. Example: salivary amylase is the enzyme that starts digesting starches in your mouth. 20 Standard Amino Acids (no…not mean old acids…AMINO ACIDS!) Essential (your body needs to get them from food): Arginine, Isoleucine,Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Histidine Nonessential: Alanine, Asparagine, Aspartate, Cysteine, Glutamate, Glutamine, Glycine, Proline, *Serine, *Tyrosine Carbohydrates (carbon/water) These are: sugars and starches, (also saccharides, and polysaccharides…but don’t worry about those right now). CHO’s called sugars are products of photosynthesis. Sugar molecules can combine to form starches. CHO’s are high in energy…so…we eat ‘em. We’ll learn how you use them later. Hint: Whole grains GOOD Too many simple sugars BAD Lipids Fats, oils, and waxes are lipids. Also made up of C, H, and O. These have LOTS of energy, and if it isn’t used it gets stored. When you see words like: fatty acids, glycerides, and phospholipids…you’re reading about lipids. Instead of calling someone a fat-head…call ‘em a “phospholipid-head…folks’ll think you’re all sciency n’ smart.