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Chapter 6: Digestive System Alimentary Canal Gastrointestinal Tract Introduction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s06Xz aKqELk Functions of the Digestive System 1. Ingestion 2. Digestion 3. Absorption 1. Elimination Anatomy and Physiology Salivary Glands https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5OOVXl0yAI Parotid gland Sublingual gland Submandibular gland Gastrointestinal Tract esophagus liver gallbladder duodenum stomach Gastrointestinal Tract liver gallbladder duodenum transverse colon ascending colon cecum appendix stomach pancreas jejunum descending colon ileum sigmoid colon rectum anus Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas liver gallbladder common bile duct duodenum pancreas pancreatic duct Liver https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbh3SjzydnQ Besides producing bile and releasing bilirubin, the liver: helps maintain normal blood glucose levels manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting removes toxins and poisons from the blood Pathway of Food Through GI Tract Combining Forms – page 219 dent/o Teeth/tooth odont/o Teeth gingiv/o Gum orthodontist orth/o: straight odont/o: teeth -ist specialist Dentist specializing in _________________________________ periodontist peri- around/surrond odont/o teeth -ist specialist Dentist specializing in __Gums___________________ Gingivitis gingivitis gingiv/o: gums -itis: inflammation endodontist endo- within odont/o teeth -ist specialist Dentist specializing in operating within the tooth root canal specialist Combining Forms gloss/o tongue lingu/o tongue or/o mouth stomato/o mouth sublingual sub-: under lingu/o: tongue -al pertaining to Combining Forms ptyl/o saliva sial/o saliva esophag/o esophagus pharyng/o throat esophageal esophag/o: esophagus -eal Pertaining to the esophagus Esophageal varices Combining Forms gastr/o stomach pylor/o pylorus Pylorus – sphinchter in the lower portion of the stomach GERD gastrostomy gastr/o stomach -stomy forming an opening New opening into the stomach through the abdominal wall May be necessary to introduce food into the stomach PEG – percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy Suffixes – page 220 -algia pain -dynia pain -emesis vomiting -megaly enlargement hepatomegaly hepat/o -megaly Enlargement of the liver Suffixes -orexia appetite (anorexia) -pepsia digestion (ex: dyspepsia) -phagia swallowing/eating (ex: dysphagia) -rrhea discharge Combining Forms – Intestine – p. 233 duoden/o duedenum enter/o intestine (small) jejun/o jejunum -ile/o ileum enterocolitis enter/o col/o -itis - – – intestine (small) colon inflammation duodenal duoden/o: duodenum (first part of the small intestine) -al: Pertaining to the duodenum Small Bowel Obstruction (SBO) Bowel Resection For Diverticulitis Combining Forms append/o appendix appendic/o col/o colon colon/o proct/o anus/rectum Appendicitis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r2zsbdPBhGY appendic/o: -itis: appendix appendectomy append/o: appendix -ectomy: __________ Surgical removal of the appendix colonic colon/o: colon (large intestine) -ic Pertaining to the colon colonoscopy colon/o -scopy Process colon of visual examination of the colostomy col/o: colon -stomy: form a new opening Form a new opening in the colon Combining Forms rect/o rectum sigmoid/o sigmoid colon proctologist proct/o: anus and rectum log/o: study of -ist: specialist Combining Forms – page 244 Cholangi/o bile vessel Chol/e bile/gall Cholecyst/o gall bladder Choledoch/o bile duct Cholecystectomy (Chole for short) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ffoKThdqo4I cholecyst/o: -ectomy gallbladder Gallstones can form when there is an imbalance in the substances that make up bile. For instance, cholesterol stones may develop as a result of too much cholesterol in the bile. Another cause may be the inability of the gallbladder to empty properly. Combining Forms Hepat/o liver Pancreat/o pancreas hepatoma hepat/o -oma Tumor of the liver Malignant Suffixes – page 244 -iasis abnormal condition -megaly enlargement -prandial meal (pre/post prandial) Post Prandial Post after Prandial meals After pp meals – often used as abbreviation Cholelithiasis Chole bile/gall Lith/o stone Iasis abnormal condition Presence of gall stones Abbreviatons – page 255 please see text Dx GERD IBD NG GI Tract – Diseases and Conditions Anorexia – – Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen Ascites Dysphagia – ascites Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. Can be causes by HF or LF celiac celi/o: -ac Pertaining to the abdomen Parenteral (opposite of enteral) par-: enter/o apart - -al Pertaining intestines pertaining to to apart from the intestines Delivery of substances any way other than through the digestive tract Pathology – chronic, degenerative disease of the liver. Eventually leads to jaundice. Cirrhosis Pathology – yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood. Occurs with: Jaundice Hemoloysis Liver Disease Obstruction of bile flow into duodenum Pathology Diverticular Disease – bulging pouches in the GI tract Dysentery (infection of the intestines resulting in severe diarrhea with the presence of blood and mucus in the feces) Dys – Enter Y- Pathology - hematochezia hemat/o - -chezia: defecation, elimination of wastes Pathology – Inflammatory Bowel Disease – Ulceration of the colon mucosa/lining IBD Ulcerative of IBD colitis/Crohn’s Disease – Forms Pathology IBS – Irritable Bowel Syndrome “spastic colon” - Can be due to stress/diet Pathology – increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight. Obesity obesity – increase of 40% or more above ideal body weight. (100 lbs or more over ideal body weight) Morbid Pathology of the Digestive System – black tarry stools indicating digested blood from bleeding in upper GI tract. Melena Varices – Swollen, twisted veins at the lower end of the esophagus Esophageal Pathology – Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus Hepatitis HEP A, B, and C Pathology Cancers of the GI Tract: Pancreatic Cancer Colon-Rectal Cancer Gastric Cancer Esophageal Cancer Diagnostic Procedures – pages 260 - 261 Barium Enema – BE CT MRI Endoscopy laparoscopy lapar/o - -scopy - Medical and Surgical Procedures – p. 262-263 Bariatric surgery Vertical banded gastroplasty • Vertical stapling of upper stomach near esophagus. • Reduces stomach to a small pouch. • Band restricts food consumption and delays its passage. • Causes feeling of fullness. A. Vertical banded gastroplasty Gastric Bypass Stomach is divided into a small upper pouch and a much larger lower "remnant" pouch and then the small intestine is rearranged to connect to both. Pharmacology Antacids Counteract or neutralize acidity, usually in the stomach • Antidiarrheals Control loose stools •Relieve diarrhea • • Absorb excess water in bowel • Slow peristalsis in intestinal tract Pharmacology Antiemetics Control nausea and vomiting • • Block nerve impulses to vomiting center of the brain Pharmacology Laxatives Treat constipation • • Increase peristaltic activity in large intestine • Increase water and electrolyte secretion into the bowel to induce defecation Review word elements summary pages 269 – 270 in text.