Download Introduction to Gastrointestinal tract

Introduction to Gastrointestinal tract
Gastrointestinal tract
 The tube that extends from the mouth to the anus in
which the movement of muscles and release of
hormones and enzymes digest food.
 Also called alimentary canal, digestive tract and, the
GI tract.
Parts of GIT
 Gastrointestinal tract consists of
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Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Small intestine
large intestine (colon)
Rectum
Anus.
 Accessory organs of GIT
 Liver
 Gall bladder
 pancreas
Mouth
 Contains:
 lips
 Cheeks
 Palate
 Tongue
 Teeth
 salivary glands
 Masticatory/facial muscles
 Bones
 Anteriorly bounded by the lips
 Posteriorly bounded by the
oropharynx.
Esophagus
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A hollow collapsible tube
Length- 10 inches
Made up of stratified squamos epithelium
The upper third contains skeletal muscles
The middle third contains mixed skeletal
and smooth muscles
 The lower third contains smooth muscles
and the esophago-gastric/ cardiac
sphincter is found here
Stomach
 J-shaped organ in the epigastrium
 Contains four parts Fundus
 Cardia
 Body
 Pylorus
 The cardiac sphincter prevents the reflux
of the contents into the esophagus
 The pyloric sphincter regulates the rate of
gastric emptying into the duodenum
 Capacity is 1,500 ml!
Small intestine
 Grossly divided into:
 Duodenum
 Jejunum
 Ileum
 The duodenum contains the two openings
for the bile and pancreatic ducts
 The ileum is the longest part (about 12 feet)
Large intestine
 Approximately 5 feet long, with parts:
 1. Cecum widest diameter, prone to
rupture
 2. Appendix
 3. Ascending colon
 4. Transverse colon
 5. Descending colon
 6. Sigmoid colon most mobile, prone to
twisting
 7. Rectum
Liver
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Largest gland of human body
Largest internal organ
Weighs 1.4 – 1.6 kg
Rests on diaphragm on the right side of abdomen.
Gall bladder
 Hollow pouch, sits beneath the liver.
 Measures approximately 8 cm in length and 4 cm
in diameter when fully distended.
 Divided into three sections:
– Fundus
– Body
– Neck
 The neck tapers and connects to the biliary tree
via the cystic duct, which then joins the common
hepatic duct to become the common bile duct.
Pancreas
 Part of digestive system as well as
endocrine system.
 Composed of the following parts:
 Head lies within the concavity of the
duodenum.
 Uncinate process.
 Body lies behind the stomach.
 Tail is the left end of the pancreas
Abdominal Quadrants
 One quarter of a circle, or half a semicircle
 Abdomen is divided into four quadrants by two planes , umblical plane and
median plane, meeting at a point at umblicus.
 Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
 Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)
 Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
 Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
 Contents are:
– Liver
– Gall bladder
– Duodenum
– Head of pancreas
– Hepatic flexure of colon
Left Upper Quadrant (RUQ)
 Contents are:
– Stomach
– Spleen
– Left lobe of liver
– Body of pancreas
– Left kidney and adrenal gland
– Splenic flexure of colon
– Parts of transverse and descending colon
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
 Contents are:
– Cecum
– Appendix
– Ascending colon
– Right ovary and fallopian tube
– Right ureter.
Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
 Contents are:
– Descending colon
– Sigmoid colon
– Left ovary and fallopian tube
– Left ureter
Abdominal regions
 Three horizontal and two vertical lines divide the
abdomen into nine "regions."
 "hypo" means "below"
 "epi" means "above"
 "chond“ means "cartilage" (in this case, the
cartilage of the rib)
 "gast" means stomach.
Abdominal regions
right hypochondriac
right lumbar
right inguinal/iliac
epigastric
umbilical
hypogastric/pubic
left hypochondriac
left lumbar
left inguinal/iliac
Contents of abdominal regions
References
 Gray’s textbook of human anatomy
 Internet