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History of geology wikipedia , lookup
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Rocks and Minerals •Hold secrets to Earth’s past •Valuable natural resources •How do you use rocks and minerals in your everyday life? Building Blocks • • • • Rocks are made of minerals Minerals are made from elements Elements are made of atoms Atoms are made of electrons, protons and neutrons Bonds • Elements react and form bonds • Either ionic or covalent • Most common crustal elements are oxygen and silicon • Bond covalently into silica tetrahedron • Tetrahedron can bond to other elements Minerals • Naturally occurring inorganic solids of one or more elements that have a definite chemical composition with an internal arrangement of atoms Classifying minerals • • • • • • Crystal form Cleavage Hardness Luster Streak Acid test Rock Types • Igneous • Sedimentary • Metamorphic Igneous Rocks • • • • • Form from cooling magma Cooling can be fast or slow Slow makes big crystals = plutonic Fast makes small crystals = volcanic Amount of silica matters largely a function of continental input • Basalt – Andesite - Rhyolite Sedimentary Rocks • Clastic from weathering of rocks – Grain size – Transport • Chemical from precipitation • Biogenic from living organisms Metamorphic • Composition or texture of a rock changes due to changing temperature, pressure or chemical reaction • Temperature needed 200-1100˚C • Contact versus regional • Foliation