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Atoms and Elements Lesson 1 Objectives: 1. There are billions of materials in our universe. 2. Those materials are made up from about 100 elements only. Groups • Can you put these in some sort of order? What is an atom? • They are the basic building blocks of matter. Lets take a look deep inside Lets take a look deep inside Lets take a look deep inside Lets take a look deep inside This is a Proton. Positive Charge weighs ONE Tells what type of atom it is GIRL This is a Proton. Positive Charge weighs ONE Tells what type of atom it is GIRL This is a Proton. Positive Charge weighs ONE Tells what type of atom it is GIRL This is a Proton. Positive Charge weighs ONE This is a Neutron No Charge, Weighs One NUN (does not date) Tells what type of atom it is GIRL This is an Electron No Weight Negative charge BOY This is a Proton. Positive Charge weighs ONE This is a Neutron No Charge, Weighs ONE NUN (does not date) Tells what type of atom it is GIRL An element is a substance that is made from one kind of atom only. It cannot be broken down into simpler substances. atom An element atom An element Molecules • A Molecule is a chemical in which more than one atom is chemically combined. (Can be formed from the same or different elements). A compound is a substance that is made from more than one element. atom A compound made up of 2 different elements atom A compound made up of 7 different elements A compound can be broken down into elements An element A compound made up of 3 different elements An element An element Material Made up of: Water Hydrogen and Oxygen Coal Carbon Carbon dioxide Carbon and Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Chalk Calcium, Carbon & Oxygen Wax Carbon & Hydrogen Table salt Sodium & Chlorine Caffeine Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen & Oxygen Element or compound Material Element or compound Water Compound Coal Element Carbon dioxide Compound Oxygen Element Chalk Compound Wax Compound Table salt Compound Caffeine Compound Physical and Chemical Change Lesson 2 Objectives: 1. To understand the difference between physical and chemical change and to identify the 5 signs of chemical change Physical changes are those changes that do not result in the production of a new substance. If you melt a block of ice, you still have H2O at the end of the change. If you break a bottle, you still have glass. Painting your nails will not stop them from being fingernails. Some common examples of physical changes are: melting, freezing, condensing, breaking, crushing, cutting, and bending. Some, but not all physical changes can be reversed. You could refreeze the water into ice, but you cannot put your hair back together if you don’t like your haircut! Special types of physical changes where any object changes state, such as when water freezes or evaporates, are sometimes called change of state operations. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Chemical properties can ONLY be observed AS the substances are changing into different substances. Chemical changes, or chemical reactions, are changes that result in the production of another substance. FLAMMABILITY: A material’s ability to BURN in the presence of OXYGEN REACTIVITY: How readily (easily) a substance combines chemically with other substances. Which has higher reactivity? A 14 karat gold ring or a cheap metal ring from the vending machine at the grocery store? What is your evidence? When you burn a log in a fireplace, you are carrying out a chemical reaction that releases carbon. When you light your Bunsen burner in lab, you are carrying out a chemical reaction that produces water and carbon dioxide. Common examples of chemical changes that you may be somewhat familiar with are; digestion, respiration, photosynthesis, burning, and decomposition. List 5 signs that a chemical reaction has occurred? • 1) Change in Odour 2) Change in Colour 3) Solid Precipitate is Formed 4) Gas Formed 5) Release/Absorption of energy (heat) Physical or Chemical Change? • Painting Wood • PHYSICAL Physical or Chemical Change? • Burning Paper • CHEMICAL Physical or Chemical Change? • Digestion of food • CHEMICAL Physical or Chemical Change? • Sugar dissolving in water • PHYSICAL Physical or Chemical Change? • Iron turning red when heated • PHYSICAL Physical or Chemical Change? • Evaporation • PHYSICAL Physical or Chemical Change? • A pond freezing in winter • PHYSICAL Physical or Chemical Change? • Melting ice • PHYSICAL Physical or Chemical Change? • Cutting wire • PHYSICAL Physical or Chemical Change? • Painting fingernails • PHYSICAL Physical or Chemical Change? • Cutting fabric • PHYSICAL Physical or Chemical Change? • Baking muffins • CHEMICAL Physical or Chemical Change? • Shattering glass • PHYSICAL Physical or Chemical Change? • Decomposition of old leaves • CHEMICAL Physical or Chemical Change? • Wrinkling a shirt • PHYSICAL Physical or Chemical Change? • An old nail rusting • CHEMICAL The Periodic Table Objective: To learn the symbols and properties of 20 elements in the periodic table. The Periodic Table is a useful way to arrange elements. The vertical columns are called groups. The horizontal rows are called periods. Elements in the same group have similar properties. Three quarters of the elements are metals. One quarter of the elements are non-metals. Rules for chemical symbols in the periodic table: 1. The symbol is usually the first one or two letters of the name. 2. Sometimes the old (Latin) name is used . 3. The first letter of a symbol id always a capital letter. 4. The second letter of a symbol is always a small letter. 5. Every element has a different symbol. Now look in your periodic table and find the symbols of the following elements, then find out if it is a metal or a non-metal: Copper …….. Iron ……….. Magnesium ……….. Chlorine ……….. Carbon ………… Sodium ……. Lead ………. Gold ……… Calcium …….. Fluorine ………. Now look in your periodic table and find name that corresponds to the following symbol: Fe …….. Mg ……….. Ag ……….. K ……….. C ………… Ca ……. Na ………. N ……… Ne …….. Pb ………. The Periodic Table Q1. The symbol of Nitrogen is: a. Na b. N Q2. Hg is the symbol of: a. Hydrogen b. Helium c. Ni c. Mercury Q3. The percentage of metals in the periodic table is: a. 75% b. 50% c. 25% Q4. Water is not in the periodic table because: a. It is a liquid substance b. It is a natural substance c. It is a compound not an element The Periodic Table Q1. The symbol of Nitrogen is: a. Na b. N Q2. Hg is the symbol of: a. Hydrogen b. Helium c. Ni c. Mercury Q3. The percentage of metals in the periodic table is: a. 75% b. 50% c. 25% Q4. Water is not in the periodic table because: a. It is a liquid substance b. It is a natural substance c. It is a compound not an element Q1. Name a metal in group 1 that is in the same period as Magnesium. Q2. Name a metal in group 2 that in the same period as Lithium. Q3. Name a non-metal in the same group as Nitrogen. Q4. Name a noble gas in the same period as Oxygen. Q5. Name a gas in group 7 that is in the same period as Aluminium. Objectives: 1. In all chemical equations the reactants turn into products and we have an arrow between the two as shown here: Reactants Products Indicators of chemical reactions Emission of light or heat Formation of a gas Formation of a precipitate Color change Emission of odor All chemical reactions: • have two parts • Reactants - the substances you start with • Products- the substances you end up with • The reactants turn into the products. • Reactants Products Symbols used in equations • • • • (s) after the formula –solid Cu(s) (g) after the formula –gas H2 (g) (l) after the formula -liquid H2O(l) (aq) after the formula - dissolved in water, an aqueous solution. CaCl2 (aq) used after a product indicates a gas (same as (g)) O2 used after a product indicates a solid (same as (s)) CaCo3 The Reaction The thermit reaction is used by the railway engineers to mend cracked iron rail. It is a very useful reaction between Aluminium and Iron oxide to produce Aluminium oxide and Iron. Aluminium + Iron oxide Aluminium oxide + Iron The reaction gives out a lot of heat, enough heat to melt the Iron produced which can be therefore poured into the gaps in the rails. Copy down the following equations in your book. Underline the reactants and circle the products in each of the equations: Magnesium + Oxygen Iron + Oxygen Magnesium oxide Iron oxide 1. When you react Magnesium with Oxygen you get: a. Oxygen magnesimide c.Magnesium oxide b. Magnesium oxygen d. Magnesium oxate 2. Sodium is in the same group as: a. Magnesium b. Aluminium c. Potassium d. Neon 3. The colour of Magnesium oxide is: a. White b. Black c. Silver d. Brown 4. Calcium Carbonate does not contain: a. Hydrogen b. Oxygen c. Carbon d. Calcium 1. When you react Magnesium with Oxygen you get: a. Oxygen magnesimide c.Magnesium oxide b. Magnesium oxygen d. Magnesium oxate 2. One of the products of the thermit reaction is: a. Iron oxide b. Aluminium c. Carbon d. Iron 3. Sodium is in the same group as: a. Magnesium b. Aluminium c. Potassium d. Neon 4. The colour of Magnesium oxide is: a. White b. Black c. Silver d. Brown 5. Calcium Carbonate does not contain: a. Hydrogen b. Oxygen c. Carbon d. Calcium Copy down the following equations in your book. Underline the reactants and circle the products in each of the equations: Magnesium + Oxygen Calcium carbonate Iron + Bromine Aluminium + Chlorine Iron + Oxygen Lead oxide + Carbon Magnesium oxide Calcium Oxide + Carbon dioxide Iron bromide Aluminium Chloride Iron oxide Lead + Carbon dioxide Law of conservation of mass 1774 Antoine Lavoisier –showed heating the red power HgO causes it to decompose into the silvery liquid mercury and the colorless gas oxygen. 2HgO 2Hg +O2 then show that oxygen is the key substance involved in combustion. Furthermore, he demonstrated by careful measurements that when combustion is carried out in a closed container, the mass of the combustion products is exactly equal to the mass of the starting reactants. (tin + air+ sealed glassed vessel) (tin oxide + remaining air + glass vessel) Law of conservation of mass ~ The total mass of substances present after a chemical reaction is the same as the total mass of substances before the reaction. Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. 1. What is the name of the reaction used by the railway engineers to mend cracked iron rails? 2. What are the reactants of that reaction? 3.What are the products of that reaction? Draw a line between the molecule and its name. Hydrogen chloride HCl Chlorine Cl2 Carbon dioxide CO2 Methane CH4 Objective: 1. Learn the scientific method for naming compounds. 2. There are three rules for naming compounds: the “ide” rule, the “ate” rule and the “same” rule. Rule 1: When two elements combine the ending is usually ” ……………ide”. metal goes first Sodium Chloride Magnesium Oxide Iron Sulphide Cl Na Mg Fe O S Rule 2: When three or more different elements combine and one of them is Oxygen, the ending will be “………ate”. metal goes first O O Cu Copper Sulphate S O O Calcium Carbonate O Ca C O O Rule 3: When two identical elements combine, the name does not change. H2 = Hydrogen F2 = Fluorine H F F N N2 = Nitrogen Cl2 = Chlorine O2 = Oxygen H Cl O N Cl O Name the following compound Na2O Name the following compound CuSO4 Name the following compound MgSO4 Name the following compound ZnO Name the following compound MgCl2 Name the following molecule H2 Name the following compound KI Name the following compound AgNO3 Fill in the blanks: Magnesium + ……………. ……………….. + Iodine ……………. + Oxygen Copper oxide + Carbon Magnesium oxide Hydrogen ………….. Iron oxide ………….. + Carbon dioxide Chemical Reactions Objectives: 1. The formula of a compound shows the number and the type of atoms in it. 2. A small number after the symbol for each element in a compound shows how many atoms each molecule contain. Draw a line between the compound and its name: Magnesium Carbonate MgCl2 Zinc Fluoride NaCl Magnesium Chloride Pb(NO3)2 Iron sulphide FeS Lead nitrate CaCO3 Copper sulphate CuSO4 Potassium Iodide ZnF2 Sodium Chloride MgCO3 Calcium Carbonate KI 1. How many atoms of Hydrogen in one molecule of Methane CH4 ? 2. How many atoms of Nitrogen in one molecule of Lead nitrate Pb(NO3)2 ? 3. Sodium oxide has two atoms of sodium for every atom of oxygen. What is the formula for sodium oxide? 4. Magnesium chloride has one atom of Magnesium for every two atoms of chlorine. What is the formula for Magnesium chloride? 5. How many atoms of Nitrogen in one molecule of Ammonia NH3 ? 1. How many atoms of Oxygen is there is two molecules of CuSO4 ? a. 1 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 2. Oxygen will: • turn limewater milk b. relight a glowing splint c. burn with a squeaky pop d. put out a glowing splint 3. How many atoms are there altogether in one molecule of MgCl2 ? • 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 6 Chemical Reactions Objectives: 1. The number of atoms in the reactants are equal to the number of atoms in the products. Mg + 2 HCl MgCl2 + H2 What are the reactants of the above reaction? What are the products? Mg + 2 HCl MgCl2 + H2 Give me your Chlorine and get out of here. Mg H H Cl Cl Mg + CuO MgO + Cu Give me your Oxygen and get out of here. Oxygen Mg Cu Thermal Decomposition Objective: Compounds can be broken down into smaller substances using heat. Test for gases Draw a line between the name of the gas and the method to test for it. Carbon dioxide Oxygen Hydrogen relights a glowing splint burns with a squeaky pop turns limewater cloudy Investigating whether a mystery substance is an element or a compound. mystery substance compound element metal ? non-metal What do you think the mystery substance is ??? ………………….. thermal decomposition CuO + CO2