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Transcript
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM LAB OBJECTIVES: 1. Identify the major organs of the gastrointestinal tract on models (see list below). 2. Identify the major structures of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine on models (see list below). 3. Identify the major membranes in the digestive system (see list below). 4. Identify the major accessory organs on models (see list below). 5. Identify the major structures of the liver and pancreas on models (see list below). 6. Identify the three types of salivary glands on microscope slides and identify the serous and mucous acini in each. 7. Identify the major histological structures and layers of the esophagus, stomach, stomach, duodenum and ileum (see list below). 8. Identify acini and ducts of the pancreas on microscope slides. 9. Identify the major histological structures of the liver on microscope slides (see list below). 10. Identify the gall bladder on microscope slides. 11. Trace the pathway of bile from the liver to the duodenum on models. 12. Identify major histological structures of villi on models (see list below). MATERIALS: disgestive system models specimen slides Microscopes INTRODUCTION: The digestive system is the system of the body that mechanically and chemically breaks down food. The digestive organs are usually divided into two main groups: the gastrointestinal tract (GI) tract and the accessory structures. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract (also called the alimentary canal) is a continuous tube running from the mouth to the anus. It measures about 9 m (30 ft) in length. The GI tract includes the following organs mouth small intestine esophagus large intestine stomach The second group of organs consists of the accessory structures. These include the following organs: teeth liver tongue gallbladder salivary glands pancreas. p. 1 of 8 Biol 2101 Human Anatomy Lab GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT: _____ mouth _____ esophagus (The esophagus transports food from the pharynx to the stomach by peristalsis. It is a muscular, collapsible tube posterior to the trachea. It is 23 to 25 cm (10 in.) long and extends from the laryngopharynx through the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm and ends in the superior portion of the stomach.) _____ stomach (This is a J-shaped organ that lies under the diaphragm. The superior part is connected to the esophagus. The inferior part empties into the duodenum of the small intestine. The stomach is involved in the chemical breakdown of materials via acid and enzymes. It is also involved in the mechanical processing of food through muscular contractions.) _____ small intestine (The small intestine has 3 regions: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The bulk of digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions occurs in the small intestine. It is about 6.35 m (21 ft) long.) _____ large intestine (The large intestine has 4 regions: cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. The colon is divided into the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon. The large intestine functions in the completion of absorption of water that leads to the formation of feces and in the expulsion of feces from the body. It is about 1 ½ m (5 ft.) long and extends from the ileum to the anus.) MOUTH: _____ oral cavity (mouth) (The mouth, teeth, and tongue are involved in mechanical processing, moistening, mixing, and in secreting enzymes.) _____ vestibule (this is the space between the cheeks or lips and the gums) _____ fauces (this is the opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx) _____ hard palate (The palate is a horizontal partition separing the oral cavity from the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. The hard palate forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth. It is formed by maxillae and palatine bones and is covered by mucous membrane.) _____ soft palate (The soft palate forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth. It is a muscular portion between the oropharynx and nasopharynx.) _____ uvula (During swallowing, this elevates with the soft palate to close off the posterior entrance into the nasopharynx to prevent ingested materials from entering the nasal region.) _____ tongue (This is a muscle of skeletal muscle fibers. It grips food, constantly repositions food between the teeth, mixes food with saliva, and move the food into the pharynx.) _____ lingual frenulum (This is a thin vertical mucous membrane that attaches the inferior surface of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity.) _____ labial frenulum (This is a thin mucosal fold that attaches the internal surfaces of the superior and inferior lips to the gums.) SALIVARY GLANDS: All of the salivary glands secrete lubricating fluid that contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates. p. 2 of 8 Biol 2101 Human Anatomy Lab _____ parotid glands (These salivary glands lie in front of and under the ears.) _____ submandibular glands (These salivary glands lie deep to the base of the tongue in the posterior part of the floor of the mouth.) _____ sublingual glands (These salivary glands are anterior to the submandibular glands.) PHARYNX: _____ pharynx (This is a common passageway for the digestive and respiratory systems. The pharyngeal muscles propel materials into the esophagus.) ESOPHAGUS: _____ lower esophageal sphincter (also called cardiac sphincter) (A sphincter is a muscular ring that contracts to lose the entrance of or exit of an internal passageway. The cardiac sphincter is located between the esophagus and the superior portion of the stomach.) STOMACH: _____ lesser curvature (This is the superior concave border of the stomach.) _____ greater curvature (This is the inferior convex border of the stomach.) _____ cardia (This is a small, narrow, superior entryway into the stomach lumen from the esophagus.) _____ fundus (This is the dome-shaped region lateral and superior to the esophageal connection with the stomach.) _____ body (This is the region of the stomach inferior to the cardiac orifice and the fundus.) _____ pylorus (This is a narrow, medially directed, funnel-shaped pouch that forms the terminal region of the stomach.) _____ pyloric sphincter (Sphincter of smooth muscle that regulates the passage of chime from the stomach to the duodenum. It is a thickening of the circular muscularis layer.) _____ pyloric antrum (This is the initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach.) _____ rugae (pronounced ROO-JEE) (These are folds found inside the stomach. They allow the stomach to expand) _____ oblique muscularis layer (innermost layer of muscle that jack-knifes the stomach into a V-shape to move the chyme into the small intestine.) _____ circular muscularis layer (This layer breaks food into smaller fragments.) _____ longitudinal muscularis layer (This layer breaks food into smaller fragments.) SMALL INTESTINE: p. 3 of 8 Biol 2101 Human Anatomy Lab _____ duodenum (This part of the small intestine begins after the stomach.) _____ jejunum (This is the middle segment of the small intestine. An abrupt bend marks the boundary between the duodenum and jejunum.) _____ ileum (This is the last segment of the small intestine and ends at the large intestine.) _____ plicae circuluares (also called circular folds) (These are permanent, transverse ridges of the mucosea and submucosa. They increase the area for absorption and force the chyme to spiral through the intestinal movement.) _____ villi (These are finglerlike projections of the mucosa made of cells specialized for absorption.) _____ ileocecal valve (This guards the opening between the ileum and the large intestine.) LARGE INTESTINE: _____ cecum (This is a blind pouch below the ileum. The appendix is attached to the cecum by an extension of the visceral peritoneum.) _____ vermiform appendix (This is a blind tube connected to the cecum of the large intestine.) _____ ascending colon (This segment of the colon ascends on the right side of the abdomen and turns abruptly to the left at the undersurface of the liver.) _____ transverse colon (This segment of the colon continues across the abdomen and curves beneath the spleen.) _____ descending colon (This segment of the colon passes down the left side of the abdomen.) _____ sigmoid colon (This segment of the colon projects inward toward the midline.) _____ hepatic flexure (also called the right colic flexure) (This is the bend made when the ascending colon makes a 90 degree turn toward the left side of the abdominal cavity.) _____ splenic flexure (also called the left colic flexure) (This is the bend made as the transverse colon makes a 90 degree turn inferiorly.) _____ rectum (This segment is the last 20 cm (7 to 8 in.) of the colon.) _____ anus (This is the opening of the rectum to the exterior.) _____ internal anal sphincter (This is a sphincter of smooth muscle that contracts involuntarily to prevent feces from leaking from the anus between defecation and to inhibit defecation during emotional stress.) _____ external anal sphincter (This is a sphincter of skeletal muscle that contracts voluntarily to inhibit defecation.) p. 4 of 8 Biol 2101 Human Anatomy Lab _____ tenia coli (This is where the smooth muscle of the large intestine forms three thin, dinstinct, longitudina bundles that bunch up the colon into many sacs, collectively called haustra) _____ haustra (These are the sacs formed along the large intestine.) PERITONEUM: _____ visceral peritoneum (The various abdominal organs are covered by the visceral peritoneum.) _____ parietal peritoneum (This lines the wall of the abdominal cavity.) _____ mesentery (This is an extension of the peritoneum. Mesentery attaches the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall.) _____ greater omentum (This is a double sheet of peritoneum that attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the dorsal body wall. It encloses the spleen and part of the pancreas and covers the transverse colon and a large part of the small intestine. This is an extension of the peritoneum.) _____ lesser omentum (This runs from the lesser curvature of the stomach and the beginning of the duodenum to the liver.) ACCESSORY ORGANS: _____ liver (The liver is located inferior to the diaphragm. The liver secretes bile, which is important for digestion of lipids in the small intestine. The liver also stores nutrients and has many other vital functions.) _____ pancreas (This is a soft, oblong gland posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach. The pancreas secretes hormones (insulin and glucagons), digestive enzymes (pancreatic juice), and buffers.) _____ gall bladder (This is a pear-shaped sac in a fossa along the undersurface of the liver. It stores and concentrates bile.) LIVER: _____ left lobe of liver _____ right lobe of liver _____ caudate lobe of liver _____ quadrate lobe of liver PANCREAS: _____ head of pancreas _____ body of pancreas _____ tail of pancreas _____ main pancreatic duct _____ accessory pancreatic duct p. 5 of 8 Biol 2101 Human Anatomy Lab SALIVARY GLANDS: Identify the three types of salivary glands on microscope slides and identify the serous and mucous acini in each. _____ parotid glands (These salivary glands lie in front of and under the ears.) _____ submandibular glands (These salivary glands lie deep to the base of the tongue in the posterior part of the floor of the mouth.) _____ sublingual glands (These salivary glands are anterior to the submandibular glands.) _____ serous acini _____ mucous acini ESOPHAGUS HISTOLOGY: Identify the major histological structures and layers of the esophagus _____ mucosa (made of thick nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae) _____ nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the mucosa _____ submucosa (made of elastic fibers and numerous mucous glands) _____ muscularis (made of inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer of a mixture of both skeletal and smooth muscle ) STOMACH HISTOLOGY: Identify the major histological structures and layers of the stomach _____ mucosa (made of simple columnar epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae) _____ simple columnar epithelium in the mucosa _____ gastric glands in the mucosa _____ gastric pits in the mucosa _____ goblet cells in the mucosa _____ submucosa _____ muscularis (has three layers of smooth muscle) DUODENUM HISTOLOGY: Identify the major histological structures and layers of the duodenum (see list below). _____ mucosa _____ simple columnar epithelium in the mucosa _____ submucosa _____ muscularis (has two layers of smooth muscle) p. 6 of 8 Biol 2101 Human Anatomy Lab ILEUM HISTOLOGY: Identify the major histological structures and layers of the ileum (see list below). _____ mucosa _____ simple columnar epithelium in the mucosa _____ submucosa _____ muscularis (has two layers of smooth muscle) PANCREAS HISTOLOGY: Identify acini and ducts of the pancreas on microscope slides. _____ acini (These are simple cuboidal cells organized into large clusters called lobules that secrete pancreatic juice.) _____ ducts LIVER HISTOLOGY: Identify the major histological structures of the liver on microscope slides (see list below). _____ lobules _____ hepatocytes _____ central vein _____ sinusoids _____ bile ducts _____ branches of the hepatic artery _____ branches of the hepatic portal vein PATHWAY OF BILE: Trace the pathway of bile from the liver to the duodenum on models. _____ right hepatic duct _____ left hepatic duct _____ common hepatic duct _____ cystic duct _____ common bile duct _____ hepatopancreatic ampulla _____ hepatopancreatic sphincter VILLUS MODEL: Identify major histological structures of villi on models (see list below). _____ mucosa _____ lamina propria _____ muscularis mucosa _____ submucosa p. 7 of 8 Biol 2101 Human Anatomy Lab _____ circular layer of muscularis _____ longitudinal layer of muscularis _____ villi _____ crypts _____ lacteals p. 8 of 8 Biol 2101 Human Anatomy Lab