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EXPLORING
PSYCHOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION IN MODULES
David Myers
PowerPoint Slides
Aneeq Ahmad
Henderson State University
Worth Publishers, © 2011
Motivation
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Sexual Motivation
Module 26
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The Physiology of Sex
 The Sexual Response Cycle
 Hormones and Sexual Behavior
The Psychology of Sex
 External Stimuli
 Imagined Stimuli
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Adolescent Sexuality
 Teen Pregnancy
 Teens and STIs
Sexual Orientation
 Sexual Orientation Statistics
 Origins of Sexual Orientation
Sex and Human Values
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The Need to Belong
 Aiding Survival
 Wanting to Belong
 Sustaining Relationships
 The Pain of Ostracism
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Sexual Motivation
Sexual motivation is nature’s clever way of
making people procreate, enabling our species
to survive.
Life is sexually transmitted.
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The Physiology of Sex
Masters and Johnson (1966) describe the human sexual
response cycle as consisting of four phases:
Phase
Physiological Response
Genitals become engorged with blood. Vagina
Excitement expands secretes lubricant. Penis enlarges.
Plateau
Excitement peaks such as breathing, pulse and
blood pressure.
Orgasm
Contractions all over the body. Increase in
breathing, pulse & blood pressure. Sexual release.
Resolution
Engorged genital release blood. Male goes
through refractory phase. Women resolve slower.
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The Physiology of Sex
Sexual disorders are problems that consistently
impair sexual arousal and functioning.
Men generally suffer from two kinds of sexual
problems: premature ejaculation and erectile disorder.
Women may suffer from orgasmic disorders.
Men or women suffering from sexual disorders can
often be helped by receiving therapy.
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Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Sex hormones effect the development of sexual
characteristics and (especially in animals)
activate sexual behavior.
Testosterone
Male
Female
Testes
(Small amounts of
estrogen)
Ovaries
Estrogen
amounts of
Adrenals (Small
testosterone)
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Hormones and Sexual Behavior
Sex hormones may have milder affects on humans than
on animals. Women’s sexual desire increases slightly at
ovulation when they are with a partner.
Women’s sexuality also depends more on testosterone
levels than on estrogen levels.
In men, normal fluctuations in testosterone levels, have
little effect on sexual drive. Fluctuations in male
hormones are partly a response to sexual stimulation.
In both men and women, large hormonal shifts over the11
life span have a greater effect.
The Psychology of Sex
Hunger responds to a need. If we do not eat, we
die. In that sense, sex is not a need because if we
do not have sex, we do not die.
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External Stimuli
It is common knowledge that men become
sexually aroused when browsing through erotic
material. However, women experience similar
heightened arousal under controlled conditions.
But can viewing sexually explicit materials have
adverse affects? Viewing sexually violent images
can increase men’s willingness to hurt women
and viewing sexually attractive people can lead
people to devalue their own partners.
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Imagined Stimuli
Our imagination can influence sexual arousal
and desire. People with spinal cord injuries and
no genital sensation can still feel sexual desire.
Wide - awake people become sexually aroused
not only by memories of prior sexual activities
but also by fantasies. 95% of both men and
women say they have has sexual fantasies.
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Adolescent Sexuality
When individuals reach adolescence, their
sexual behavior develops. However, there are
cultural differences.
When it comes to sexual activity in teens family
and cultural values do matter.
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Teen Pregnancy
Compared with European teens, American teens have a
lower rate of contraceptive use (Call et al., 2002). Why?
•
Ignorance
•
Minimal Communication
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Guilt Related to Sexual Activity
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Alcohol Use
•
Mass Media norms of unprotected promiscuity
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Teens and STIs
Unprotected sex has lead to higher rates of sexually
transmitted infections. Two-thirds of new infections occur
in those under 25. In the U.S. this has lead to an emphasis
on teen abstinence.
Predictors of sexual restraint:
•
High Intelligence
•
Religious engagement
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Father presence
•
Participation in service learning programs
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Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation refers to a person’s preference for
emotional and sexual relationships with individuals
of the same sex (homosexual), the other sex
(heterosexual), and/or either sex (bisexual).
Attitudes toward homosexuals varies among
different cultures.
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Sexual Orientation Statistics
In Europe and America, based on many national
surveys, homosexuality in men is 3-4% and in women is
1-2%.
Sexual orientation is not an indicator of mental health.
But, some homosexuals may struggle with their
attraction, or with bullying, harassment, and
discrimination and so be more likely to be depressed,
think about, or attempt suicide.
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Origins of Sexual Orientation
Homosexuality is more likely based on biological factors
like differing brain centers, genetics, and parental
hormone exposure rather than environmental factors.
Men are more likely to be gay if they have an older brother and the
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chance rises with the number of brothers.
The Brain and Sexual Orientation
While studying the hypothalamus of deceased
heterosexual and homosexual individuals, Simon
Levay found a key difference in the brains of
heterosexual men from those of women and
homosexual men.
He believes that brain anatomy influences sexual
orientation.
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Genes & Sexual Orientation
Are these brain differences genetically influenced?
There is some evidence that they are.
•
•
•
Homosexuality seems to run in families.
Homosexuality is more common in identical twins
than fraternal twins. However, there are mixed
results.
Genetic engineers can genetically manipulate
females to act like males during courtship and
males to act like females.
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Sexual Orientation: Biology
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Sex and Human Values
Sexually intimacy is an expression of our social
nature. Most people find greater sexual
satisfaction with a loved one.
Andreanna Seymore/ Getty Images
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The Need to Belong
“[Man] is a social animal,” (Aristotle).
Separation from others increases our need to
belong.
20th Century Fox/ Dreamworks/ The Kobal Collection
“Cast Away,” Tom Hanks, suffers
from social starvation.
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Aiding Survival
Social bonds boosted our ancestors’ survival
rates. These bonds led to the following:
1.
2.
3.
Protecting against predators, especially for the young.
Procuring food.
Reproducing the next offspring.
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Wanting to Belong
1.
2.
3.
4.
Wanting to Belong: The need to belong colors our
thinking and emotions.
Social Acceptance: A sense of belonging with others
increases our self-esteem. Social segregation
decreases it.
Maintaining Relationships: We resist breaking
social bonds, even bad ones.
Ostracism: Social exclusion leads to
demoralization, depression, and at times nasty
behavior.
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