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THE ROMAN EMPIRE RVCS WORLD HISTORY SECTION 1 ROMAN RULERS PAX ROMANA • Pax Romana—This literally means “Roman Peace” • Time span: 27 B.C. to about A.D. 180 CAESAR AUGUSTUS • “Princeps”—Octavian, like a true politician, tried to be a leader of the people. He took the title, “Princeps,” which meant “first citizen.” • Caesar Augustus—Octavian also takes on the name, “Caesar Augustus.” Caesar was Octavian’s family name (great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar). However, “Augustus” meant majestic, but it also signified “divinity.” • Caesar’s Reign: 27 B.C. to A.D. 14 • [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EaCbHw-ZbZQ SUCCESSORS TO CAESAR AUGUSTUS • Tiberius • Caligula • Claudius • Nero • 3 Brief Rulers (Galba, Vitellius, Otho) • Vespasian • Julius Sabinus • Titus • Domitian • Nerva • Trajan TIBERIUS (A.D. 14-37) • Family—Tiberius was the step-son of Octavian (Caesar Augustus) • Government—According to Tiberius, ruling Rome was like “holding a wolf by the ears” • [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B7KqxX ksWPU CALIGULA (A.D. 37-41) • “Caligula”—This was actually his nickname, meaning “little soldier’s boot” • Reign—He has sometimes been depicted as insane (e.g., talking to the moon). Whatever the case, he was hated by many people, though he also executed many Romans as well (so that probably didn’t help the ol’ reputation). • Assassination—Caligula died by assassination (stabbing), led by members of the Praetorian Guard • [video] http://www.history.com/shows/pawn-stars/videos/caligulacoin-comes-out-of-storage CALIGULA’S ASSASSINATION • The situation had escalated when, in 40 AD, Caligula announced to the Senate that he planned to leave Rome permanently and to move to Alexandria in Egypt, where he hoped to be worshiped as a living god. The prospect of Rome losing its emperor and thus its political power was the final straw for many. Such a move would have left both the Senate and the Praetorian Guard powerless to stop Caligula. With this in mind Chaerea convinced his fellow conspirators to put their plot into action quickly…He was stabbed to death. CLAUDIUS (A.D. 41-51) • Physically Disabled—Claudius lived most of his life with slight deafness and a limp • Rule—Despite not entering politics until late in his life, Claudius was rather successful as a politician • Britain—He was responsible for Rome’s occupation of Britain • Death—He was most likely assassinated by his own wife, Agrippina • [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhOMSbn-Hgg CLAUDIUS’S ASSASSINATION • Ancient chroniclers say Claudius was killed after ingesting a poisonous mushroom, but they differ on certain key facts. The historian Cassius Dio claims Agrippina procured the deadly fungus from a poisoner named Locusta and served it to Claudius during a dinner at the palace. Tacitus, meanwhile, says the emperor’s food taster delivered the dish, and when it didn’t immediately work, Claudius’ doctor shoved a poison-dipped feather down his throat to finish the job. Suetonius mentions both stories as a possibility, but argues the second dose of poison was mixed with a batch of gruel. Almost all the ancients say Agrippina masterminded the plot to ensure her son Nero’s ascension to the throne. Still, some modern historians have since argued that Claudius’ death could have been an accident caused by him unknowingly eating an Amanita phalloides—a highly toxic strain of mushroom also known as “Death Cap.” ROMAN EMPIRE UNDER CLAUDIUS NERO (A.D. 54-68) • Roman Fire—In 64 A.D., most of Rome was destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome, which many Romans believed Nero himself had started in order to clear land for his planned palatial complex, the Domus Aurea. • The Fiddler—While Rome was burning, he is recorded to have played his fiddle (more specifically, a “stringed instrument”). This has lead to speculation that he was insane. • • [video] http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/nero/videos/historys-burningquestions-nero Persecutor—According to multiple sources, Nero dipped Christians in oil, and then set them on fire to be used for his source of light in his personal garden. VESPASIAN (A.D. 69-79) • Flavian Dynasty—After Nero committed suicide, Rome underwent a brief civil war, the “Year of the Four Emperors.” The Senate finally declared Vespasian as their new emperor, which began the “Flavian Dynasty,” a lineage of emperors that lasted for 27 years. • Roman Colosseum—He built the Flavian Amphitheatre, better known today as the Roman Colosseum. TITUS (A.D. 79-81) • Lineage—Titus was the son of Vespasian • Jerusalem—He is perhaps best known for capturing Jerusalem and destroying the Temple (in A.D. 70 as a military commander). [pictured: the “Arch of Titus”] • Reception—With the exception of Jews and Christians, Titus was generally regarded as a good ruler. • [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7585SotsXkY DOMITIAN (A.D. 81-96) • Emperor—After the death of Titus, his brother (Domitian) came to power. • Senate—Domitian was deeply hated by the Roman Senate, though it seems that the common people were not so critical. • Deity—Domitian insisted on being called, “Master and God.” (so, he was obviously humble…) • Assassination—Domitian, the last of 3 Flavian emperors, was assassinated by the Praetorian Guard, with his wife included in planning the murder. TRAJAN (A.D. 98-117) • Success—Officially declared by the Senate as optimus princeps ("the best ruler"), Trajan was remarkably successful as emperor. Abroad, he led Rome in impressive military expansions. At home, he oversaw many new building projects, and even took care of the poor. • Medieval Christians—Even Christians from the Middle Ages saw Trajan as a “virtuous pagan.” • [video] http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancientrome/videos/trajan-market SECTION 2 ROMAN CULTURE ROMAN WRITERS • Cicero—Immensely important for his writings in Latin, which included topics such as rhetoric, philosophy, and one’s duty to his country (his name actually means “chickpea”) • Virgil—He is sometimes called the “Homer of Rome,” and is considered the greatest Roman poet. His most famous poem is the Aeneid. (The Aeneid was heavily influenced from Homer’s Iliad and the Odyssey). • • Horace—Another well-known Roman poet, but he especially highlighted the moral decay in Rome. • Tacitus—He was Rome’s most famous historian that criticized self-centered emperors and favored a Republic. His writings even mentioned the crucifixion of Jesus and persecution of Christians. Ovid—His poetry focused on mythology and love, though they were banned because of their explicit content. Ovid was even exiled from the city of Rome. HANGMAN COMPETITION • Part 1: Guess the Phrase • Part 2: Guess the Roman Author • “Fortune favors the brave.” - Virgil TACITUS (A.D. 56-117) ON JESUS • “Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their centre and become popular.” – Annals (Book 15, chapter 44) POMPEII • Event—On the afternoon of August 24, A.D. 79, Mount Vesuvius violently erupted. Almost no one from the city survived, and within three days the entire city was completely buried. • Excavation—Pompeii was rediscovered in 1748, and excavated since then. • [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmM2tCcsLEY • Skip 32:11-34:28 • Resume at 7:25 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE • Aqueducts—The Romans built aqueducts, which supplied water to those in their cities. • [video] http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/emperoraugustus/videos/mankind-the-story-of-all-of-us-aqueducts • Roman Roads—These roads helped connect the Roman Empire. Close to 400 major roads were built, beginning approximately 500 B.C. THE ROMAN GAMES • Gladiators—These armed combatants fought other people, and sometimes wild animals, before a Roman audience. • The Colosseum—This large structure housed gladiator fights. • [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpcDAjdXFZI • Skip 25:46-30:43 ROMAN GODS • Roman Names Were Applied to Greek Gods: • Zeus = Jupiter • Hera = Juno • Poseidon = Neptune PHILOSOPHY & RELIGION • Lucretius—He was a major Roman poet, but best known for his belief in Epicureanism. • Seneca—He was the tutor to the emperor Nero and a proponent of Stoicism. • Marcus Aurelius—He was the “philosopher-king” JESUS CHRIST & THE ROMAN EMPIRE • Synagogues—These were meeting places for Jews that could not worship at the temple in Jerusalem. (eventually, Jewish Christians went to synagogues to share the Gospel) • Jesus’ Life—He lived during the “Pax Romana,” when Jews possessed authority, but underneath the ultimate rule of Rome. • Crucifixion—Jesus’ crucifixion occurred under the governorship of Pontius Pilate while Tiberius was emperor in Rome. • [video] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-EVfxABSoU NEXT TOPIC: THE EARLY CHURCH • The Resurrection • The Apostles & the Spread of the Gospel • First 4 centuries of Christianity