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Chapter 1 Introduction to Physiology and Homeostasis Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy – Study of the structures of the body • Physiology – Study of the functions of cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms Levels of Organization mwsu-bio101.ning.com Chemical and Cellular Organization • Chemical level – Atoms, molecules, macromolecules • Nucleic acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates, Lipids • Cellular level – Cell • The functional and structural unit of life • Basic and specialized functions teamcarterlces.com – Specialized function requires differentiation – Stem cell anyone? Tissue Level of Organization • Tissue level – Cells of similar shape and specialized function • Four major tissue types – Muscle • Specialized for contracting and generating tension – Nervous • Specialized in impulse production and transmission – Connective • Specialized for connecting and supporting – Epithelial • Specialized for surface lining and exchange Organs and Organ Systems • Organ level – Composed of two or more tissues that perform a common function • Organs system level – Composed of two or more organs that work to perform a common functions that is essential to survival • Digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular • Human body contains 11 systems The Organism • Collection of body systems working together to maintain life. • Strive to maintain an internal balance – Homeostasis oxygen-review.com Homeostasis • The maintenance of a stable internal environment. – 37 degrees C, pH 7.3-7.4 – Other factors that are regulated? • The internal environment is made up of the extra cellular fluid or ECF – Cells that are isolated from the external environment can still exchange materials with the ECF Homeostatic Control Systems • Network of body components that operate to maintain a given factor in the internal environment relatively constant around an optimal level • Local (intrinsic) controls – Inherent, or built into a particular organ • Systemic (extrinsic) controls – Outside of an organ – Involves neural and endocrine regulation • Coordinates various organs and systems Negative Feedback Loops • Maintain homeostasis by detecting a deviation from a set point and act to restore that set point • Four components of a negative feedback loop – Controlled variable – Sensor – Control center – Effector Other Regulatory Mechanisms • Positive feedback loops – Continues increasing an change – Controlled variable moves in one direction • Uterine contractions • Feed forward mechanisms – Anticipate change and responds to that change before it happens
