Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Northern Mannerism wikipedia , lookup
Art in early modern Scotland wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance philosophy wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance in Scotland wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance Revival architecture wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance architecture wikipedia , lookup
Renaissance music wikipedia , lookup
French Renaissance literature wikipedia , lookup
Italian Renaissance painting wikipedia , lookup
Introduction/ Renaissance Chapter 11 Late Middle Ages Between 1300 and 1450, Europe experienced a series of severities: economic dislocation, plague, war, social upheaval, and increased crime and violence Old centralized states were disturbed by war/ dynastic confusion and economic depression Aristocratic families made new political and economic alliances Western Europe fragmented into regionally diffused landholdings of aristocratic families Late Middle Ages Western Europe Fragmented into thousands of tiny jurisdictions Under control of bishops, imperial towns, and kings Eastern Europe Agricultural based with mining in the south Ruled by dynasties result of alliance system of aristocratic families 100 Years War 1337-1453 1328 Charles IV of France died childless Charles had a sister: Queen Isabella of England Struggle over French dynastic succession Causes of the war: English king’s status as vassal of the French king for his territories in Gascony English support for urban rebellions in Flanders against the king of France English king’s claim to the throne of France after the end of the Capetian dynasty in 1314 (death of Charles IV) 100 Years War 1337-1453 France had great size and wealth as an advantage, but it was offset by England’s greater administrative efficiency (also knew newer forms of warfare) Joan of Arc: galvanized the French army to victory before her capture and execution in 1431 Exhausted by years of warfare the English were pressed back to the coast of France War of the Roses The English Civil War 1455-1485 The civil war in England English kings granted more power to aristocracy for financial support. War created powerful and autonomous aristocratic families with their own armies. Under weak kings the families fought for power for 30 years York-badge was the white rose and Lancaster-badge was the red rose. War came to an end when Henry Tudor of the Lancaster house defeated his enemies. Henry Tudor then became Henry VII of England and ruled 1489-1509 Black Death The disease was carried by fleas on infected rats, who would bite humans. Once bitten the person would develop a high fever, begin coughing, and develop painful swelling in lymph nodes of the groin or armpits. Final stage was vomiting blood Spread bubonic and pneumonic (person to person) Death took 3-5 days to kill most. Although, airborne virus could only take hours to kill killed ½ to 1/3 of Europe’s population caused major economic depression (increased taxation, revolts, loss of financial backing in some cities, and increased gap between the rich and poor "Der Doktor Schnabel von Rom" (English: "Doctor Beak of Rome") engraving by Paul Fürst. The beak is a primitive gas mask, stuffed with substances (such as spices and herbs) thought to ward off the plague. Plague has a long history as a biological weapon. Historical accounts from medieval Europe detail the use of infected animal carcasses, such as cows or horses, and human carcasses, by Mongols, Turks and other groups, to contaminate enemy water supplies. Plague victims were also reported to have been tossed by catapult into cities under siege. -wikipedia- The Roman Catholic Church There was only one church in the Middle Ages in Western Europe (Roman Catholic), which held power both over kings and countries. In the late Middle Ages the church began to lose its powers: Babylonian Captivity: 1309-1376 popes lived in Avignon in southeastern France (away from Rome) Great Schism: various popes at same time 1377-1415 –Church loses power Conciliar Movement: reform the church by assemblies (constitutional) John Wyclif precursor of the Reformationscriptures alone should be the standard for Christian belief So what does it mean??? A very long war, a civil war, a plague that killed a huge amount of the population, and the breakdown of power of the Church Disruption of trade, inflation, increased poverty, poor diets, increased crime, development of nationalism (feeling of unity and identity that binds together people) Emergence of the state: as the church begins to lose power the state will pick it up So all of these very important events laid the foundations for the development of Europe and movement into the Renaissance Renaissance Rebirth Scholars use the term Renaissance to describe the cultural achievements of the 14th –16th centuries Italy led the way due to the commercial revival of the area that started in the 11th centuryCrusades Italy distinguished from the rest of Europe by its urbanization Italy had more major and minor cities than anywhere else: geography key Amounts of disposable wealth went up after plague-luxury items increased Life was hard for the young and especially the poor: children sent to work: boys at age of 10 became apprentices and girls domestic servants Renaissance In cities wealth/ social standing was usually based occupation Guilds regulated industries (set prices, wages, and conditions) Concentration of wealth in a few families-most people destitute: Medici family of Florence Plague created an increase in the value of labor In short-run this meant the laborers’ disposable wealth (amount left after necessities) went up Both the rich and poor began to purchase luxury items: silks, jewelry, imported foodstuffs, and art In a sense, the culture of the Renaissance was the creation of the plague Quality of Life Women’s marriage place was secured by her dowry. Poor families had daughters enter domestic service in order to have the dowry paid by their master Women lived in a constant state of pregnancy when husband was alive-details of fertility unknown (used rhythm method and withdrawal) Overall health improved and life expectancy increased (better diet due to grain surplus and improvements in transportation of goods) Renaissance towns and cities introduced new social and political cohesiveness-ties on blood relations and neighborhoods Church still social center: provided answers for life’s mysteries Church and state sought to express social values of the Christian faith (for the illiterate) through art. It tapped in on the skilled artists that had been trained by way of apprenticeships Renaissance Women Women in the lower classes continued participating in agricultural activities. In cities this transferred to shops. Lower class women continued in domestic service roles Upper class women’s status declined. Men denied them any political or legal rights. These women were to manage the household and all its servants, have children, and entertain Women’s status on the issue of sexuality also changed. Renaissance humanists such as Castiglione laid the double standard. For women sex was restricted to marriage. Her role was to be chaste, then a wife, and then a mother. While men could pursue sex outside the marriage. Rape was also not considered a serious crime Renaissance Slavery The large death toll associated with the Plague created a huge demand for labor. This demand was met by slaves. Many slaves came for Eastern Europe. The term slave carries a ethnic connotation meaning a person of Slavic heritage. Slaves were also created through unstable political conditions. Slaves were the spoils of war. Additionally, black Africans were imported, especially by the Portuguese, as slaves in Europe In Africa economic needs of the ruler took priority over locals. 1492 the King of the Congo sold slaves in exchange for weapons and other goods Renaissance Art The art of the Renaissance owed much to the social system in which artists lived Wealth of cities permitted for public works of art, which was commissioned by corporate sources to show their power. Later it was used on individual level to show rich (newly) Disposable wealth (non critical personal funds) led to interest in portraiture Art was also a product of the educational system: principles of the craft and guild Renaissance artists had to solve problem of perspective and threedimensionality. They returned to classical ideas, realism, nude figures, and expression in the face The artist was considered a free intellectual worker and was respected and rewarded. Crucifixion 1335 Example of Middle Ages Art Museo ThyssenBornemisza, Madrid Problems with perspective and 3-D The Engagement of Virgin Mary) Example of Renaissance Art Raphael 1504 Great Renaissance Artists Michelangelo (sculpture) Leonardo da Vinci (painting) Sandro Botticeli (painting) Brunelleschi (architecture) Donatello (sculpture) Masaccio (painting) Raphael (painting) David, Sistine Chapel, Pieta Mona Lisa, Last Supper Birth of Venus, Spring Florence Cathedral Judith Slaying Holofernes Expulsion of Adam and Eve The Engagement of Virgin Mary) Explain the differences in artwork between the two periods…why is it different??? Explain what was going on socially and politically during the Renaissance to cause this and how it is represented in the later bust. ANTELAMI, Benedetto August c. 1200 DONATELLO Bust of 1430s Niccolo da Uzzano David Art Renaissance art reflected society. It took old ideas and mixed them with new techniques. The artists did more than simply adorn buildings and celebrate their society…their work expressed the ideals of that society: they emphasized learning and knowledge, the here and now, and humanity 1504 MICHELANGELO Intellectual Hallmarks Individualism: stressed personality, uniqueness, genius, and full development of one’s capabilities and talents. Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1474) “Men can do all things if they will” Humanism: revival of antiquity (Greece/Rome). Humanists studied the Latin classics to learn what they reveal about human nature. Humanism emphasized human beings, their achievements, interests, and capabilities. Humanists placed importance on grammar, rhetoric, moral philosophy, and history. Focused on 2 major philosophers-Plato and Aristotle. Philology or the study of the origins of words was central to a humanist like Lorenzo Valla who proved the Donation of Constantine was a forgery Secularism: involves a basic concern with the material world instead of with the eternal world of the spirit Works Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1474)- On the Family: classic study of new urban values-thrift and prudence Baldesar Castiglione (1478-1529)-The Courtier: an etiquette book that prescribed every detail of the education necessary for the ideal state servant Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374): important figure in literary humanism Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527): The Prince: blueprint to realistic, modern power politics. Explores how a ruler should gain, maintain, and increase power. It is better to be feared than loved. A ruler should also be concerned with the way things are NOW not the way things ought to be. Machiavellian: entered the language as a synonym for politically devious, corrupt, and crafty. Advances in Technology 1454 Printing Press: Johann Gutenberg, Johann Fust, and Peter Schoffer (movable type and use of paper instead of vellum (calfskin) and parchment (sheepskin)technology came from China Mechanical Clockderived from the sundial, this allowed Europeans to divide the working day into equal hours and thus allowed the working day to be set Northern Renaissance Renaissance ideals were spread via trade. Eventually, artists and representatives of northern states went to Italy to learn They brought these skills back and the Renaissance thus spread north However, Northern Renaissance was characteristically different. It had a distinct religious character EYCK, Jan van 1435 The Virgin of Chancellor Rolin Italian Cities 5 powers that dominated Italy: Venice, Milan, Florence, the Papal States, and the Kingdom of Naples (not a consolidated kingdomindependent cities ran by different governments and families…also the balance of power between cities created this autonomy) Banking families like the Medici’s of Florence controlled politics and culture in their cities Marriages often sealed business contracts Venice- republican, but ran by merchant aristocrats Milan-republic-despots (Sforza family) Florence-republiccouncil of state (Medici banking family –Cosimo/ Lorenzo) Papal States-reassertion of papal authority under Pope Alexander VI’s son Borgia Kingdom of Naples-King disputed by France and Aragon Italy Venice: prosperity based on military and commercial control of the seas. Republic controlled merchant contracts and many prospered from this. Government intended to distribute power among the 2500 members of the Great Council. It prospered from its relationship with the Byzantine Empire and interaction in the spice trade Florence: prosperity based on commercial success of banking and wool industry. However, the plague and war brought devastation to the city. The city switched from being ruled by a council to a family (Medici’s). The family brought Florence out of its former economic depression Wars of Italy 1454: five powers signed the Treaty of Lodi, which established two balanced alliances (Florence and Milan and Venice and Naples). They and the Papal States pledged mutual non-aggression However, the larger states began gobbling up their smaller neighbors At the same time the Ottomans defeated the Byzantines and threatened Italy, especially Venetian trade 1494-1529 Wars of Italy: Naples, Florence, and Papal States united against Milan. Milan called upon the French for help and under Charles VIII the French invaded the peninsula in 1494. France swept through Italy. Next, Venice and the Papal States called upon King Ferdinand of Aragon and the Holy Roman Emperor for help. Italy became a battleground for European war. Formation of the state High Middle Ages witnessed the origins of many basic institutions of the state such as: sheriffs, inquests, juries, circuit judges, representative assemblies, and professional bureaucracies Monarchs and states during the Renaissance were rebuilding their governments and recovering from the Hundred Years’ War and the resurgence of feudal power as a result. They used aggressive methods to accomplish this and to control the nobility Such monarchs were: Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain