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UPPER LIMBS
 Upper
Limb (p231) 30 bones form each
upper limb
A.
Bones of the upper limb form the
framework for the arm, forearm, and
hand.
Figure 7.21
B. Humerus (fig 7.23, 7.25)
1.
2.
The humerus makes up the
upper arm, extending from the
scapula to the elbow.
It articulates with the scapulae
at its head, with the radius at
the capitulum, and with the
ulna at the trochlea.
3. Other features:
a. Head: fits into glenoid cavity
b. Greater Tubercle—lateral
side; and Lesser Tubercle—
anterior side. Provide
attachments for muscles
c. intertubercular groove—between 2
tubercles; where tendon passes (biceps
brachi)
d. surgical neck—below head &
tubercles (where fractures commonly
occur)
e. Deltoid tuberosity—middle of shaft—V
shaped
f. Condyles (2) rounded ends at
distal ends of humerus
(1)Capitulum (lateral, knoblike;
articulates with the radius at
elbow)
(2)Trochlea (pulley shaped, on
medial side; articulates with
ulna)
g. Epicondyles—provide
attachments for muscles &
ligaments
h. Coronoid fossa—between
epicondyles. Receives coronoid
process of the ulna when the
elbow is bent
i. Olecranon fossa—receives
olecranon process of elbow when
arm is straight
C. Radius (fig 7.24 & 7.25) a little shorter than the
ulna
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The radius is located on the thumb side of the
forearm, extending from the elbow to the
wrist. It crosses over the ulna when the palm is
turned
head—proximal end (articulates with the
capitulum of humerus)
head articulates with the radial notch of the
ulna (allows rotation)
radial tuberosity—attachment for biceps
muscle
styloid process—distal end—provides
attachment for ligaments of wrist
D. Ulna--elbow to wrist; pinky finger side
1.
The ulna is the longer of
the two bones making up
the forearm. Wrenchlike,
and has a trochlear notch
at proximal end that
articulates with the
humerus.
2. Other features:
a.
b.
c.
2 processes on either side of
notch: the olecranon process
(attachment for muscles to
straighten arm) & the coronoid
process (to bend arm)
Head—on lower end.
Articulates with ulnar notch of
radius
Styloid process—distal end
E. Hand: wrist, framework (“palm”), 5 fingers
1.
2.
3.
The wrist of the hand is made up of eight
carpal bones bound into a carpus. (in 2
rows)
The framework of the hand is made up of
five metacarpal bones.
The fingers are composed of three
phalanges in each finger except the
thumb, which lacks the middle phalanx.
Total of 14 phalanges on each hand
SEATWORK:
 What
nerve is responsible for the tingly
sensation you experience when you hit
your funny bone?
ANSWER:
THE ULNAR NERVE,
LOCATED BEHIND
THE MEDIAL
EPICONDYLE
PELVIC GIRDLE
& LOWER LIMBS
II. Pelvic Girdle
A. The pelvic girdle supports and protects the
lower abdominal and pelvic organs
B. The pelvic girdle consists of the two coxal
bones and the sacrum; it supports the trunk
of the body on the lower limbs.
Figure 7.27a: Bones of the bony pelvis, p. 238.
Base of sacrum
Iliac crest
Iliac fossa
llium
Sacroiliac
joint
Sacral
promontory
Sacrum
Coxal bone
(os coxae
or hip bone)
Pelvic brim
Coccyx
Pubic bone
Ischial spine
Acetabulum
Pubic crest
Ischium
(a)
Pubic symphysis
Pubic arch
1. Each coxal bone is made up
of three bones: the ilium,
ischium, and the pubis, that
are fused in the region of the
acetabulum, the cuplike
depression that articulates
with the head of the femur.
Figure 7.27b: Bones of the bony pelvis, p. 238.
Tubercle of
the iliac
crest
Anterior gluteal
line
Posterior gluteal
line
Posterior
superior
iIiac
spine
Posterior inferior
iliac spine
Greater sciatic
notch
Ilium
Ala
Iliac crest
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Inferior
gluteal line
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Acetabulum
Pubic body
Ischial body
Ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
Pubis
Ischial
tuberosity
Inferior ramus
of pubis
Ischium
Ischial ramus
(b)
C. The ilium is the largest and
most superior (uppermost)
portion of the coxal bone
and joins the sacrum at the
sacroiliac joint on the
posterior side.
Sacroiliac joint
1. Features of the ilium
include the iliac crest, and
anterior superior iliac spine.
D. The ischium forms the Lshaped portion that supports
weight during sitting.
1. Features of the ischium
include the ischial
tuberosity and ischial spine.
a. Ischial tuberosity (points
posteriorly and down)
b. Ischial spine—can be used
as a guide to determine
pelvis size
E. The pubis comprises the
anterior portion of the coxal
bones
1. symphysis pubis—joins the 2
pubic bones at the midline
2. pubic arch—angle formed
by 2 pubic bones
F. obturator foramen--largest
foramen in skeleton
Lower Limb
The bones of the lower limb
provide the framework for
the thigh, lower leg, and
foot.
A. Femur
1. The femur, or thighbone,
extends from the hip to the knee
and is the longest bone in the
body.
2. Its head articulates with the
acetabulum of the coxal bone;
it articulates with the tibia at the
medial and lateral condyles.
3. Other features of the femur include
a. fovea capitis—pit on head where
ligament attaches
b. neck--constriction below head
c. greater trochanter--upper, lateral
d. lesser trochanter—lower, medial
B. The patella (kneecap)
1. located in the tendon that
passes over the knee
2. Flat, sesamoid bone which
articulates with the femur
on the anterior surface.
C. Tibia (largest bone in the lower leg)
1. On medial side
2. The tibia (shinbone) supports the
weight of the body
3. the medial & lateral condyles--at
the proximal end, articulate with the
condyles of the femur
4. medial malleolus—inner side, distal
end. Prominence for ligaments
D. Fibula
1. The fibula is a slender bone
lying lateral to the tibia; it
does not bear body weight
2. Head—proximal end
3. The lateral malleolus—distal
end
E. Foot (ankle, instep, 5 toes)
1. The ankle is composed of seven
tarsal bones, forming a tarsus.
a. The talus moves freely &
articulates with the tibia and
fibula.
b. The calcaneus (heel bone)
supports the body weight.
2. The instep of the foot
consists of five elongated
metatarsal bones and
provides an arch
3. Each toe is made up of three
phalanges, with the exception
of the great toe, which lacks a
middle phalanx. (total of 14 on
each foot). Great toe:
nonopposable
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION:
 Why
are your feet segmented?
 Couldn’t a single bone support your
body weight and propel you forward
when you walk or run?
ANSWER:
 SEGMENTATION
MAKES THE FOOT PLIABLE;
THIS HELPS WHEN RUNNING OR WALKING
ON UNEVEN GROUND