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Click www.ondix.com to visit our student-to-student file sharing network. Evolution of Land Animals No one knows for sure how life began, whether life came about by an invisible man in the sky, or by what Darwin (and scientists today) predicted, that life formed from a "hot little pool" of matter and slowly evolved over time into what we know as life today. According to evolution, all life or most of it, originated from a single gene. The evolution of land animals is still studied today, including elephants, giraffes, and horses. Which are giving us greater clues to how existence started. Let us first establish that all life on earth © both animal and plant © is constructed of exactly the same substance: DNA.. By DNA we mean the chromosomes that are found in all living cells. The question philosophers and scientists have wondered is, then, how the first molecule arose. Scientists believe that the earth was formed 3.5 billion years ago. This is when it is believed that life first began. The world did not look like it does today. It contained no oxygen. It is unlikely that life cells could have risen from a world containing oxygen because it was highly reactive. Therefore, DNA molecular cells had to be oxydized. This is how we know that no new life arises today. All life on earth must be exactly the same age. Science today shows us that an elephant is just as old as a human, because each cell in our body carries the same hereditary material. The whole recipe of who we are lies hidden in each tiny cell. Darwin is considered the father of evolution. We would not be discussing evolution if it were not for him. His theory consisted of two main points: first he proposed that all existing vegetable and animal forms were descended from more original and primitive forms by a way of biological evolution. Secondly, that evolution was the result of natural selection. He proposed that all living things on earth are related. When Darwin set sail on the Beagle, he had with him the first volume of the English biologist Sir Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology. Lyell had the belief that the present geology of the earth was the result of a long and gradual evolution. His point was the small changes could cause huge geological upheavals, considering if it is given enough time. The age of the earth was thought to be only 6,000 years old, which would make the theory incorrect. Darwin figured the age of the earth was 300 million years old, we know now that the earth is 3.5 billion years old. When he went on his voyage around the world and came to the Galapagos Islands, he noticed that there were no great differences in the plant and animal life there. But Darwin was interested in the tiny differences. On the island he came across large tortoises that were slightly different from one island to another. Even more striking was that the finches on the island were clearly different from island to island, especially in the shape of the beak. Darwin figured these differences were due to the way the finches found food. The ground finches with steeply profiled beaks lived on pine cone seeds, the little warbler finches lived on insects, and the tree finches lived on termites extracted from bark. Each and every beak was perfectly adapted to the food intake. Could all these finches be descended from the same species? Had they adapted to there surroundings causing them to evolve? Darwin came to conclusion that yes, they had adapted to their surroundings, and finches did come from one common ancestor. There were also finds of large fossil bones from extinct animals. Darwin was puzzled to find traces of sea creatures far inland. Some believed that they had been thrown there by humans or animals. Others believed that God had created these fossils and traces of sea creatures to lead the ungodly astray. It was thought by some that fossils were imprints of animals that had failed to get in the Ark. But, there was one more factor to indicate that all the animals on earth might be related: The development of the embryo. All animal and human embryos are so identical it is hard to tell the difference. You cannot distinguish a human embryo from a dog embryo. Shouldn't this indicate that we are distant relatives? In many animals gene flow occurs. Gene flow is when new genes are introduced to populations. The Lake Erie water snake provides an excellent example. Some of these snakes that live on vegetation live close to the shore. They have gray bodies with black bands which helps them distract hungry seagulls by blending in with the environment. Island snakes are light gray and have no bands, which helps them blend in with their environment. Island snakes are light gray and have no band, which help them blend in with the rocks. Another example is the giraffe. Some scientists used to think that the long neck was their because the giraffes have always had to reach upwards. Darwin believed that the giraffe's long neck was the result of variation. He figured that random changes in heredity caused some giraffes necks to be small and some to be shorter. When there was a limited supply of food, the giraffe that could reach up the highest had a better chance of survival. Fifteen million years before the direct ancestors of modern day horses existed, at least three species of horses roamed the forests and grasslands of Florida. They lived along other strange and now extinct creatures such as antelope-like creatures with sling-shot antlers, and the "bear dog." A medium-sized horse from 18 million years ago weighed 75-100 pounds©about the size of a large dog. The dwarf horse weighed about 30-40 pounds. An amateur digger found the first skull in Florida of a tiny dwarf horse. It is believed that 50-60 million years ago, mammals were thought to be the size of a pig. Elephants are thought to have come from those "pigs." Interestingly, it is believed that manatees, dugongs, and hyraxes are the closest living relatives of today's elephants. The order under which Elephants are classified is the Proboscidea. The earliest member of this are the Moeritheres. They are a pig sized creature that lived in northern Africa between 55-60 million years ago. A little later the Palaeomastodons, who existed between 40-25 million years ago branched off and later evolved into elephants. Evolution refers to changes that occur in a population over time. It does not indicate that there is no God. For many various religious groups, evolution is consistent with there beliefs. For some people, mostly Christians, view evolution as a conflict with their beliefs. How can you prove creation or evolution? You cannot prove them with science. If you believe that the Bible is correct, then God created everything. Creation is much harder to prove scientifically. There are events in the Bible such as Noah's flood. There would be no way that animals such as those who live in Australia to make there way to the middle east to be loaded on board the ark. Religion and Science have been in conflict with one another on the debate of Evolution vs. Creation. I do believe evolution in land animals did happen, with all the evidence we have it is hard not to. But to believe that we came from monkeys is harder to believe. I am uncertain whether humans are an exception to evolution. I do know that us humans have evolved. The Vikings who used to beat and rape, and were tough men were only 5 foot tall at the most. Therefore the average height has increased. It is hard to talk about evolution because the person whom you are talking to may have different beliefs. There has been controversy whether evolution should be taught in some schools. Some people believe only in creation, or only in evolution. Most schools by federal law prohibit the teaching of creation because of the separation of church and state which is the law. Shouldn't us students have the right to learn all possibilities, and learn both evolution and creation? I believe that by teaching evolution in school, children can learn to make up their own minds on what to believe, instead of having be restricted to one kind of belief system. What I found to be most interesting is that diseases such as T.B. becomes resistant to antibiotics, proving the evolution of bacteria. The strongest survive and then reproduces, causing this reaction. Diseases such these are hard to find cures for, and are often fatal. All animals are related, by which Darwin described as The Tree of Life. Animals evolve just like bacteria, using a process called natural selection © "survival of the fittest." Evolution is a slow process © using several thousands of years to complete. This is why it is such a hard theory to prove. You cannot prove either creation nor evolution. They are both good theories on how humans and animals have come into existence. It is what you believe. I think you have to ask yourself whether you believe in faith or in logic. Sources: http://www.cnn.com/TECH/9601/fossil_horse/ http://elephant.elehost.com/About_Elephants/Stories/Evolution/evolution.html http://allsands.com/science/creationvsevol_vta_gn.htm Keywords: evolution land animals knows sure life began whether life came about invisible what darwin scientists today predicted that life formed from little pool matter slowly evolved over time into what know today according evolution most originated from single gene evolution land animals still studied today including elephants giraffes horses which giving greater clues existence started first establish that earth both animal plant constructed exactly same substance mean chromosomes that found living cells question philosophers scientists have wondered then first molecule arose scientists believe earth formed billion years this when believed first began world look like does contained oxygen unlikely cells could have risen from world containing oxygen because highly reactive therefore molecular cells oxydized this know arises earth must exactly same science shows elephant just human because each cell body carries same hereditary material whole recipe lies hidden each tiny cell darwin considered father would discussing were theory consisted main points proposed existing vegetable animal forms were descended more original primitive forms biological secondly result natural selection proposed living things related when darwin sail beagle with volume english biologist charles lyell principles geology lyell belief present geology result long gradual point small changes could cause huge geological upheavals considering given enough time thought only years which would make theory incorrect figured million years know billion when went voyage around world came galapagos islands noticed there were great differences plant animal there interested tiny differences island came across large tortoises slightly different island another even more striking finches island clearly different especially shape beak figured these differences finches found food ground finches with steeply profiled beaks lived pine cone seeds little warbler lived insects tree lived termites extracted bark each every beak perfectly adapted food intake could these descended species they adapted there surroundings causing them evolve conclusion they adapted their surroundings come common ancestor also finds large fossil bones extinct animals puzzled find traces creatures inland some believed they been thrown humans others believed created these fossils traces creatures lead ungodly astray thought some fossils imprints failed more factor indicate might related development embryo human embryos identical hard tell difference cannot distinguish human embryo embryo shouldn this indicate distant relatives many gene flow occurs gene flow genes introduced populations lake erie water snake provides excellent example some snakes live vegetation live close shore have gray bodies with black bands which helps them distract hungry seagulls blending environment snakes light gray bands helps them blend their environment snakes light gray band help blend rocks another example giraffe used think long neck their because giraffes always reach upwards giraffe long neck result variation figured random changes heredity caused giraffes necks small shorter limited supply food giraffe reach highest better chance survival fifteen million before direct ancestors modern horses existed least three species horses roamed forests grasslands florida along other strange extinct creatures such antelope like sling shot antlers bear medium sized horse million weighed pounds about size large dwarf horse weighed about pounds amateur digger found skull florida tiny dwarf horse mammals thought size elephants come those pigs interestingly manatees dugongs hyraxes closest living relatives elephants order under classified proboscidea earliest member moeritheres sized creature northern africa between little later palaeomastodons existed between branched later evolved into refers changes occur population over time does indicate many various religious groups consistent beliefs people mostly christians view conflict beliefs prove creation cannot prove science believe bible correct then created everything creation much harder prove scientifically events bible such noah flood would such those live australia make middle east loaded board religion science been conflict another debate creation believe land happen evidence hard monkeys harder uncertain whether humans exception humans evolved vikings used beat rape tough only foot tall most therefore average height increased hard talk person whom talking different beliefs been controversy whether should taught schools people only most schools federal prohibit teaching separation church state shouldn students right learn possibilities learn both teaching school children learn make minds what instead having restricted kind belief system interesting diseases becomes resistant antibiotics proving bacteria strongest survive then reproduces causing reaction diseases find cures often fatal related described tree evolve just like bacteria using process called natural selection survival fittest slow process using several thousands complete theory cannot either both good theories come into existence think yourself faith logic sources http tech fossil http elephant elehost stories html http allsands creationvsevol Keywords General: Essay, essays, termpaper, term paper, termpapers, term papers, book reports, study, college, thesis, dessertation, test answers, free research, book research, study help, download essay, download term papers