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Genetics and Genomics Why Do I Look Like I Do? Dr. Ron McNeel BioEd Online We’re the Same BioEd Online The human species has similar characteristics Name a few Characteristics are called TRAITS www.BioEdOnline.org But We are also Different BioEd Online Humans can have different forms of the same trait Name some different forms of the same trait www.BioEdOnline.org These different forms of traits are called Variations BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org But Wait!! Families are Similar BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Sometimes Identical BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Start in the Cell Nucleus Nucleus Coordinates the Cell Processes Contains the Genetic Information that makes you Your genome BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Part of the Genome is Divided into chromosomes Short arm Centromere Long arm BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Chromosomes have similarities and differences Similarities Only found in the nucleus Normally, humans have 46 chromosomes All packaged the same way Differences 44 chromosomes NOT involved in determining sex of individual Called Autosomes What do you think the other two chromosomes are called? BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Differences Sex Chromosomes X & Y Chromosomes Determines Sex BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Other Differences Chromosomes have Different Lengths Physical Appearance Centromeres BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Autosome Surprise Each autosome has a “partner” How many autosomes are there? 44 How many partner pairs are there? 22 pairs See them? BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Finding the Autosomal “Partners” Difficult to find them easy like this Putting numbers on them doesn’t help much Any ideas to help find the “partners”? BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Sorting Out the Autosomes BioEd Online What if we arrange the “partners” based on their lengths? What is this called? karyotype www.BioEdOnline.org BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Where does each partner come from? BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Where does each partner come from? One from your mother One from your father BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org What About the Sex Chromosomes (X and Y)? One from your mother One from your father BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Which Sex Chromosome can the Mother Contribute? X Chromosome ONLY! BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org X or Y Chromosome Who determines the sex of the offspring? MALE BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Review What percentage of your chromosomes comes from each parent? 50% How many autosomes from each parent? 22 How many sex chromosomes from each parent? 1 BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Hey, wait a second! How many total chromosomes in human female cell nucleus? How many chromosomes in human male cell nucleus? Then matting would produce… Why does this not happen? BioEd Online 46 46 92 chromosomes in offspring 92 92 184 chromosomes in offspring www.BioEdOnline.org ANSWER: Special Cells - Gametes Female Egg Male Sperm BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Gametes Formed by a Special Type of Cell Division Meiosis (reduction division) found only in reproductive cells (gametes) BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org We Must Divide to Multiply Meiosis – reduction division Gametes have half the number of chromosomes Female 46 Male 46 23 in egg 23 in sperm 46 in offspring BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org During Fertilization 23 chromosomes from your mother 23 chromosomes from your father 46 chromosomes in offspring Life is good again! BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Closer Look at Chromosomes Chromosomes are long molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Closer Look at Chromosomes BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org DNA Packaging Your genomes has 3 billion base pairs (every cell) Typist 360 letters/minute for 8 hours a day copy your genome in 50 years If recited the genome at 1 letter per second 24/7 it would take 100 years to finish BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org DNA Packaging If the DNA from ONE cell was stretched out: It’d be from 6-9 feet in length If stretched the DNA from every cell and placed end to end It would reach to the sun and back over 600 times BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org DNA Contains Genes Gene = DNA segment that contains the code to make a particular protein Proteins determine your characteristics or traits BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org DNA → Protein → Trait Trait = Physical appearance or Phenotype Red hair Brown eyes Sickle cell Albinism BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org Summing it Up Chromosomes → DNA DNA → Genes Genes → Proteins Proteins → Make you, YOU Francis Crick “DNA makes protein, and protein makes us” BioEd Online www.BioEdOnline.org