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Greece Chapter 4 Sect 1 Geography of Greece Greece is a ______________________ a body of land surrounded on 3-sides by water. Many Greeks made a living from the _____________. They were ___________________, _____________________, + _________________. The soil in Greece is ______________. The land is _________________. They were able to grow wheat, barley, _____________ + ______________. The Polis Citizens were members of a ______________________ community who are treated as equals with rights + responsibilities. They could ____________, hold ____________, + own _________________. Non-citizens were ________________ , foreign-born residents, _________________, + _________________________. US + Greek Citizens 1. 2. 3. 4. can hold office own property defend themselves in court vote 1 Name:_________________________________ 1. tyrant _____ A. official who ruled a state in the Persian Empire under Darius 2. oligarchy _____ B. person who was conquered + enslaved by the Spartans 3. democracy _____ C. system of government in which citizens choose a smaller group to make laws + governmental decisions on their behalf. 4. helot _____ D. Persian religion; taught humans had the freedom to choose between right + wrong, goodness will triumph in the end 5. satrap _____ E. government in which a small group of people holds power 6. satrapies _____ F. thinker who seeks wisdom + ponders questions about life 7. Zoroastrianism _____ G. the 20 states into which Darius divided the Persian Empire 8. direct democracy _____ H. system of government where people gather at mass meetings to decide on government matters 9. representative democracy _____ I. Person who takes power by force + rules with total authority 10. philosopher _____ J. government in which all citizens share in running the government Sparta Athens Both 1. 1. 1. 2. 2. 2. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. 4. 2 Pages 129 + 130 “A Budding Democracy” Generals Debt farmers laws Jobs Oligarchy landowners democracy Peisistratus citizens rebel lottery slaves Solon Cleisthenes assembly The government of early Athens was an _________________, like Sparta. The ___________________ had most of the power. Most of the people were farmers and most of them were in ____________. The common people began to _________ against the land-owning nobles. Both sides trusted a man named ______________. He cancelled all the farmers’ debts and freed those who had become ______________. He made it so that all male citizens could participate in the assembly and law courts. After Solon, there was chaos. A tyrant named ___________________ gained the support of the poor and took control. He divided large estates among poor _______________, loaned money, and created new _________. _______________________ came to power in 508 B.C. He gave the ________________ more power. All male citizens could belong to the assembly where they could vote on laws, debate important topics, and 3 appoint army _______________. He also created a new council of 500 _______________ to propose __________, deal with foreign countries, and make money decisions. The members of the council were chosen each year by a ___________. Cleisthenes is credited with creating the Athenian ____________________. 1. Why is Cleisthenes credited with building a democracy in Athens? 2. Why did Athenians choose officials by lottery? 3. Why was Solon popular among some Athenian farmers and unpopular among others? 4 Chapter 4 Section 3 The Persian Empire I. The Rise of the Persian Empire A. __________ the Great built a large empire. B. He held the Persian Empire together. 1. Treating new __________ well. 2. Built miles of _________. II. What was the Persian Government like? A. ____________ reorganized the government to make it work better. B. He divided the empire into 20 states (satrapies) each ruled by a ___________ who answered to the king. C. _______________ were paid professionals. III. The Persian Religion A. Zoroaster created Zoroastrianism, one __________. B. Still has small number of followers today. The Persian Wars I. The Battle of Marathon A. Athenians waited for Persians to get back on ______________ and then attack. B. Athenians send a messenger to announce victory. He _________ over 25 miles, delivers message, and then dies. 5 II. Another Persian Strike A. Persians invade Greece again. B. Greeks decide to attack ship to cut off _______________ supply. C. Greeks lost at the battle of Thermopylae but slowed Persians enough to get their ______________ ready. D. Greeks’ smaller, faster __________ were easier to steer at Salamis + they defeated the Persians. E. Greek warships –_____________- had 3 levels of oarsmen on each side. They were armed w/ a bronze and wood ram that weighed hundreds of pounds. They used the ram to sink ships. III. What caused the Persian Empire to fall? A. Weakened by defeat from Greeks. B. Future rulers raised taxes causing _________________. C. Everyone wanted to be king and family members were trying to kill each other. D. Became vulnerable to attacks and conquered by __________ _____ __________________. Sparta and Athens joined forces to defeat the Persians. Do you think that this union will last? Why or Why not? 6 The Age of Pericles The Athenian Empire Delian League – a group of city states (including Athens but not _______________) united to defend each other against Persia. Eventually, the Delian League became the Athenian Empire. Athenian Democracy Type of Democracy American Democracy Direct Right to Vote All citizens, male + female age 18 or over Laws Proposed by the council + approved by a majority in the assembly Citizen Involvement Citizens with voting rights can vote for or against the officials who make the laws p. 140 + 141 The Achievements of Pericles Leading figure in Athenian ______________ for over 30 yrs. Demanded loyalty + payment from members of the Delian League Allowed_________________-class male citizens to run for office and play a larger role in government He paid office holders Rebuilt Athens after the Persian War Culture blossomed tremendous creativity + learning Supported artists, architects, writers, + philosophers 7 Biography p. 141 Born into a ________________ family Skilled _________________ Strongly supported democracy for rich and poor Took power from the few + gave it to _________________ Had famous _____________________ built Private person; avoided public Died from ___________________ Daily Life in Athens Athens could not have supported its bustling economy without _______________. Roles of Men + Women Men – worked in the morning, attended meetings or exercised in the afternoon + discussed politics in the evenings Women were not equals o _______________ at 14 0R 15 o Expected to have children + take care of household duties o Poor women might ______________ with husbands o Rich women supervised servants, many learned to read + write The Peloponnesian War Sparta + their allies surrounded Athens. Pericles knew they couldn’t defeat the Spartan army. He urged farmers + others to go inside the _____________ __________. They were safe but a _______________ quickly spread through the over-crowded city killing more than 1/3 of the Athenians. This weakened Athens but they continued to fight for ___________ more years when the Spartans defeated them in 404 B.C. All of Greece had been weakened by this long war. Sparta tried to rule all of Greece but rebellions started and a new war began. 8 Chapter 5 Sect. 1 The Culture of Ancient Greece I. Greek Mythology a. Myths- traditional stories about _______________ + heroes. Many myths are created to explain things that a people do not understand. A. Greeks Gods + Goddesses 1. The Greeks believed that gods + goddesses controlled _____________ + shaped their lives. 2. The 12 most important gods + goddesses lived on _________________ ____________________. 3. Greek gods married, had children, quarreled, played ______________ on each other, and fought ________________. 4. Ritual – a set of actions carried out in a ___________________ way. 5. Greeks believed in afterlife – when people died their ______________ went to a world beneath the earth ruled by __________________. B. What was a Greek Oracle? 1. The Greeks believed in fate, destiny, + prophecy. Fate/destiny – certain ________________ are going to happen. Prophecy – a _____________________ about the future. 2. Oracle – a place, a secret shrine where a priest/priestess spoke for a _______________/___________________ . II. Greek Poetry + Fables a. Greek poetry + fables taught Greek _____________________. b. Epic- long __________________ told about heroic deeds. c. Homer – famous _______________, wrote Iliad + Odyssey 1. Iliad – the prince of _____________ kidnaps the wife of the king of Sparta. A war follows and drags on for _____________ years outside the walls of Troy. The Greeks build a huge, hollow, wooden ______________ + fill it with the best warriors. The Trojans think the Greeks have surrendered + 9 given the horse as a _________________. They wheel it inside the city walls and the city is captured. 2. Odyssey – Tells the story of __________________ + his journey home after the _____________ _______________. It took him 10 years to get home and he faces storms, witches, + giants along the way. A. Who was Aesop? 1. About 550 B.C. a Greek slave named Aesop made up famous _________________. His most famous – Tortoise + the Hare 2. Fable- a short story that teaches a _____________________. III. Greek Drama A. Tragedies + Comedies 1. Drama – story told by actors who pretend to be ___________________ in the story. – Today’s movies, plays, + television are all examples. 2. Greeks performed plays in outdoor theatres as part of their __________________ festivals. 3. Tragedy – a person struggles to overcome difficulties but ___________ – often has an unhappy ending. 4. Comedy – a drama with a_________________ ending – today we use it to define stories w/ humor. IV. Greek Art + Architecture A. Greek artists wanted people to see reason, ___________________, balance, + harmony in their work. They hoped their art would _______________ people to base their lives on these ideas. Answer the following questions on another sheet of paper. 1. What values did the epic poems of Homer teach Greeks? 2. Greek literature tells us what the Greeks thought was important. Choose a modern book, movie, or television show. Write 5 or more sentences to explain what it would tell others about our society. Include why you think it tells others these things. 10 Ancient Greece Test Projects Group Options A.) Song – Choose a song that everyone in your group knows. Keep the tune and change the words. The words should inform the class on Ancient Greece. Perform for class, or tape or videotape. B.) News – A news broadcast that may have taken place in Ancient Greece if there were news programs then. You may include weather reports, events, commercials, etc. Perform or videotape. C.) Myths – act out a myth. You must have costumes, props, etc. Perform or videotape. Individual Options A.) B.) C.) You may choose any of the group options. Big writing/little picture - Choose 1 of the following topics/people: Sparta +/or Athens, Olympics, Democracy, Peloponnesian War, Greek Mythology, Greek art + architecture, Greek philosophers, Alexander the Great (you may make your own suggestions). Research and write a report (1-2 pages typed, double spaced, 12 font). Include a “drawn” picture on the cover page. Big picture/little writing – same as above but poster sized picture and 3 – 5 sentences on topic. 11 Vocab Chapter 5 Sect. 2 Pythagoras – Greek Mathematician Socrates – philosopher, believed in absolute right and wrong Plato – believed government should be fair and just, didn’t like democracy Aristotle – student of Plato, believed in the idea of just enough, not too much or too little Herodotus – Greek historian, known as “Father of History”, tried to separate fact from fiction, wrote about Persian Wars Thucydides – Greek historian, wrote History of the Peloponnesian War, actually fought in the war Philosophy – study of the nature and the meaning of life Philosopher – thinker who seeks wisdom and ponders the questions of life Sophist – professional teacher in Ancient Greece Socratic Method – way of teaching, developed by Socrates, used question and answer format to force students to reason 12 Chapt. 5 Sect 3 Alexander the Great Macedonia was north of Greece. By 400 B.C. they had become a powerful kingdom. Soon after, ____________________ rose to power in Macedonia. He had long admired ______________ culture but needed their _______________ to achieve his goal of conquering the Persian Empire. He conquered the Greek city-states and as he was about to invade Persia, he was _________________. _________________ was Philip’s son. He was 20 years old when he inherited his father’s throne and his dream of conquering _______________. From an early age Alexander was trained to be a great warrior and _________________. He often risked his own life in _______________, which inspired his armies. Alexander always kept a copy of The Iliad with him as he traveled. While a child, Alexander’s ________________ instilled his love of all things Greek. As he conquered lands, Alexander spread Greek _______________ – art, ideas, religion, architecture, and language. He led his armies to conquer lands from Greece to the ___________ ___________. In 323 B.C. he returned to Babylon to plan further invasions. It was there he died of a __________________ at age 32. If you could only carry one book with you for the rest of your life, which book would it be and why? 13 Complete the Chart Person Contributions Pythagoras Hippocrates Archimedes Eratosthenes Aristarchus Explain 2 ways that Greek culture spread. 1. 2. Write down 6 things about Alexander the Great. You may look back at the book or your notes. 14 Pretend that you were a soldier in an army under Alexander the Great. Write a journal entry about what you might have done or seen. It must be 10 or more sentences 15