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Evolution Vocabulary and Idea Guide Evolution Natural Selection Charles Darwin Gradualism Industrial Melanism ( transient polymorphism) Permanent Polymorphism Punctuated Equilibrium Adaptation Species Microevolution Gene flow Genetic Drift Descent with modification Change in populations over time due to environmental influences and genetic differences A process by which organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce at a higher rate the organisms with less favorable traits: Genetic variation Overproduction of offspring Struggle for survival Survival of the fittest English naturalist, published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. Travels to Galapagos Islands on the HMS Beagle led him to adopt the view of speciation through natural selection. The theory that evolution occurs slowly, but steadily over long periods of time. (Darwin) Evolution of the peppered moth. The moth was originally light in color to blend in with birch trees in early England. The industrial revolution caused layers of soot to land on trees giving dark colored moths better survival odds and changed the population allele distribution. Once the clean air act was introduced, the lighter color moths had better survival statistics. Sickle cell disease (ss) causes “sickling” of red blood cells in humans of African descent, ordinarily a trait that would select against survival. The sickle cell trait (Ss) has an advantage in Africa because the protozoan that causes malaria cannot survive in sickle trait blood. People with normal blood (SS) have a greater chance to die from malaria). The theory that species evolve during short periods of rapid change and long periods of little change. Stephen Jay Gould A hereditary characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment A group of similar organisms that can mate with each other to produce fertile offspring naturally. Evolution observable in a single species Any movement of genes from one population to another - migration Basic mechanism of evolutionary change – maybe be bottleneck ( population size suddenly reduced through natural disaster) or founder effect ( small part of population moves off to another location) Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium States that both allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant—that is, they are in equilibrium—from generation to generation unless specific disturbing influences are introduced. Those disturbing influences include non-random mating, mutations, selection, limited population size, "overlapping generations", random genetic drift and gene flow. Genetic equilibrium is an ideal state that provides a baseline to measure genetic change against. P=q = 1 P square + 2pq + q squared = 1 Mutation Allele change in DNA due to alteration in nucleotide base sequence. Speciation is a lineage-splitting event that produces two or more separate species. This can happen through several isolation mechanisms: Prezygotic: Geographic, temporal, habitat, mechanical and behavioral isolation Postzygotic: Hybrid inviability and Hybrid Sterility Occurs when 2 subpopulations become reproductively isolated within the same geographic area happens when species arise as a result of geographic isolation the process by which different species evolve similar traits process in which the decendants of a single ancestor diversify into species that each fit different parts of the environment Anatomical structures that occur in different species and that originated by heredity from a structure in the most recent common ancestor of the species. Opposite: analogous tructure – similar function, different ancestry A technique used to date materials, usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, using known decay rates: Carbon 14 dating and Uranium 238/lead dating are common examples Speciation Sympatric Speciation Alopatric Speciation Convergent Evolution Divergent Evolution Homologous Structure Radiometric dating