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Transcript
AP EVOLUTION REVIEW Chapters 22 23 24 25 34.8 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life The Evolution of Populations The Origin of Species Phylogeny and Systematics Humans are Bipedal Hominids with a Large Brain Objectives 1. You should be able to discuss pre-Darwinian biological and geological concepts, as well as the people that promoted these scientific concepts. 2. You should be able to discuss the empirical evidence that led to changes in our view of geological form and time. 3. You should be able to discuss the many things that influenced Darwin’s development, conception, and publication of his ideas of evolution (things that hindered him as well as fostered these developments). 4. You should be able to give detailed examples of artificial selection, natural selection, sexual selection, and coevolution. 5. You should be able to explain how natural selection informs our understanding of drug resistance, name and represent the common modes of selection, and be able to deduce which is acting a particular example. 6. You be able to give examples of homologous and analogous structures and discuss how these idea support natural selection and speciation. 7. You should be able to explain how natural selection informs our understanding of the global distributions of species, and be able to discuss Alfred Wallace’s observations that led to this field of biogeography. 8. You should be familiar with the modern synthesis of population genetics and evolution, be able to use the Hardy-Weinberg equation, and comment on factors that support or destabilize equilibrium. 9. You should understand how a full knowledge of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium aids in understanding both speciation and extinction. 10. You should be able to contrast conceptions of species, discuss the importance of reproductive isolation in the process of speciation, and name, define, and give examples of the many mechanisms by which isolation can be accomplished. 11. You should be able to give detailed examples of speciation. 12. You should be able to explain how speciation is believed to have occurred through allopatric and sympatric means, as well as contrast anagenesis and cladogenesis. 13. You should be able to explain how the mechanism of plate tectonics can explain a number of geologic events, and further explain how these geologic events have promoted speciation on earth. 14. You should be familiar with the broad outlines of the possible evolution and speciation of our species, including our possible ancestor’s names, and their physical and behavioral characteristics and ecology. 14. You should be able to explain how Darwinian evolution is a scientific theory. 15. You should be familiar with the geologic time scale, the major eras, and particular periods and important events in the history of life on earth. Vocabulary Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species natural selection evolution Aristotle scale of nature Carl Linnaeus taxonomy fossil strata paleontology Georges Cuvier gradualism James Hutton Charles Lyell Principles of Geology Jean Lamarck use and disuse Captain Fitzroy HMS Beagle Galapagos islands Variation overpopulation Thomas Malthus drug resistance homology homologous structures biogeography fossil record transitional fossils modern synthesis population genetics population Hardy-Weinberg Theorem allele frequencies H-W equilibrium gene flow mutation random mating bottleneck effect founder effect fitness directional selection disruptive selection stabilizing selection sexual selection sexual dimorphism intrasexual selection speciation macroevolution anagenesis species biological species concept reproductive isolation postzygotic barriers habitat isolation temporal isolation mechanical isolation gametic isolation hybrid inviability hybrid breakdown morphological species species concepts sympatric speciation polyploidy adaptive radiation heterochrony paedomorphosis phylogeny fossil record analogy analogous structures taxonomy scientific theory Precambrian Mesozoic era Cenozoic era Cambrian period Triassic period Jurassic period Cretaceous period extinction Cambrian explosion plate tectonics earthquakes volcanoes oceanic ridges oceanic trenches subduction zones hot spot polytene chromosomes inversion adaptation great chain of being sedimentary rock catastrophism uniformitarianism acquired traits Alfred Wallace artificial selection vestigial organs microevolution gene pool large populations genetic drift modes of selection neutral variation intersexual selection cladogenesis prezygotic barriers behavioral isolation hybrid infertility allopatric speciation punctuated equilibrium systematics convergent evolution Paleozoic era Permian period Tertiary period continental drift magnetic striping Hawaiian islands