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Charles Darwin Evolution Notes In 1831, Charles Darwin set sail from _________________ aboard the H.M.S. Beagle on a voyage ___________________ the _________________. Darwin collected numerous ______________ and animal specimens for his collection. He _________________ the specimens, ____________ the latest scientific publications, and __________________________ his observations/thoughts in ________________________. Darwin observed that the Galápagos Islands were in close ___________________, but had very different ___________________ and corresponding differences in vegetation. Accordingly, he observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants _____________ __________________ among the different islands. Contributions to Science Darwin’s evidence led him to propose a revolutionary _____________________ pertaining to the way life changes over ____________. This hypothesis has become the ______________ of ____________________. It was presented in his book, On the _______________ of Species, published in ____________. Key Idea #1 - Variation Within Species Members within a species _____________ from one another in _________________ ways. At the time, variations were thought to be unimportant, minor ________________. Darwin argued that this variation is ____________________. Key Idea #2 - The Struggle For Existence Darwin realized that high ________________ rates and a shortage of life's _______________ resources (food, water, and shelter) inevitably force organisms to ___________________ for resources. _______________________, both within and among species, exists in almost all natural environments. This struggle is ultimately reflected by ______________________ success Key Idea #3 - The Inheritance of Traits Characteristics exhibited by one ____________________, whether beneficial or __________________, are passed down from one generation to the next (assuming that organism is able to reproduce). Modern Genetics presents a mechanism for heredity. Darwin’s Influences: Thomas Mathus Mathus’ “An Essay on the Principle of Population” emphasized that population _______________ will always overwhelm growth in ______________, creating inevitable states of ______________, disease, and _______________________. This perpetual struggle for survival caught Darwin’s attention, and he applied it to ______________. Darwin argued that some of the competitors in Malthus' perpetual struggle scenario would be better equipped to survive. Those that were ________ _________ would die out, leaving only those with the more __________________ traits. Charles Lyell The world’s most renowned ___________________ of the day and author of author of Principles of Geology, prompted Darwin to think of evolution as a ____________ process in which _____________ changes gradually accumulate over immense spans of time… Jean-Babtiste Lamark Lamarck's proposed the first truly cohesive theory of evolution, in which all organisms had an innate tendency toward _________________________. He correctly argued that species _____________________ over time, and that environmental forces ______________________ them to local environments. Lamarck is widely remembered for his inaccurate theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics in which the use and disuse of physiologic features differentiated organisms over time. Survival of the Fittest The _______________ of an organism to _________________ and ___________________ in its specific environment is fitness. Darwin proposed that fitness is the result of _________________________. An adaptation is any __________________ characteristic that ___________________ an organism's chance of _____________________. ______________________ adaptations better suit organisms to their environment, and in turn, they’re ______________ ____________ to survive and reproduce. Individuals with characteristics that are not well suited to their environment either _________ or leave few ___________________. Natural Selection Natural selection ______________ organisms that display different structures, establish different niches, and/or occupy different habitats. Every living species has ____________________, with changes, from other species over ___________. Darwin referred to this principle as descent with ____________________. Darwin wondered if animals living on different islands had once been members of the _______ species. These separate species would have evolved from an original South American ancestor species. His observations of ________________, tortoises, iguanas, and other _______________ supported his _______________________. 3 Key Misconceptions about Darwin’s Theory 1. “Survival of the fittest means only the strongest and fastest survive”… Why is this false? 2. “Natural selection is random”… Why is this false? 3. “Organisms can evolve over their lifetimes”… Why is this false? Charles Darwin Evolution Notes In 1831, Charles Darwin set sail from England aboard the H.M.S. Beagle on a voyage around the world. Darwin collected numerous plant and animal specimens for his collection. He studied the specimens, read the latest scientific publications, and recorded his observations/thoughts in notebooks. Darwin observed that the Galápagos Islands were in close proximity, but had very different climates and corresponding differences in vegetation. Accordingly, he observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among the different islands. Contributions to Science Darwin’s evidence led him to propose a revolutionary hypothesis pertaining to the way life changes over time. This hypothesis has become the theory of evolution. It was presented in his book, On the Origin of Species, published in 1859. Key Idea #1 - Variation Within Species Members within a species vary from one another in important ways. At the time, variations were thought to be unimportant, minor defects. Darwin argued that this variation is significant. Key Idea #2 - The Struggle For Existence Darwin realized that high birth rates and a shortage of life's basic resources (food, water, and shelter) inevitably force organisms to compete for resources. Competition, both within and among species exists in almost all natural environments. This struggle is ultimately reflected by reproductive success Key Idea #3 - The Inheritance of Traits Characteristics exhibited by one parent, whether beneficial or harmful, are passed down from one generation to the next (assuming that organism is able to reproduce). Modern Genetics presents a mechanism for heredity. Darwin’s Influences: Thomas Mathus Mathus’ An Essay on the Principle of Population emphasized that population growth will always overwhelm growth in food, creating inevitable states of hunger, disease, and competition. This perpetual struggle for survival caught Darwin’s attention, and he applied it to biology. Darwin argued that some of the competitors in Malthus' perpetual struggle scenario would be better equipped to survive. Those that were less able would die out, leaving only those with the more desirable traits. Charles Lyell The world’s most renowned geologist of the day and author of author of Principles of Geology, prompted Darwin to think of evolution as a slow process in which small changes gradually accumulate over immense spans of time… Jean-Babtiste Lamark Lamarck's proposed the first truly cohesive theory of evolution, in which all organisms had an innate tendency toward perfection. He correctly argued that species change over time, and that environmental forces adapted them to local environments. Lamarck is widely remembered for his inaccurate theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics in which the use and disuse of physiologic features differentiated organisms over time. Survival of the Fittest The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment is fitness. Darwin proposed that fitness is the result of adaptations. An adaptation is any inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival. Beneficial adaptations better suit organisms to their environment, and in turn, they’re better able to survive and reproduce. Individuals with characteristics that are not well suited to their environment either die or leave few offspring. Natural Selection Natural selection yields organisms that display different structures, establish different niches, and/or occupy different habitats. Every living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time. Darwin referred to this principle as descent with modification. Darwin wondered if animals living on different islands had once been members of the same species. These separate species would have evolved from an original South American ancestor species. His observations of finches, tortoises, iguanas, and other animals supported his hypothesis. 3 Key Misconceptions about Darwin’s Theory 1. “Survival of the fittest means only the strongest and fastest survive”… Why is this false? 2. “Natural selection is random”… Why is this false? 3. “Organisms can evolve over their lifetimes”… Why is this false?
