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Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall Biosphere Chapter 5 Review Cradle to Grave Geosphere • The rocks, soil, humus that make up the crust of the Earth • Lithosphere-the crust portion of the earth Crust • The brittle, surface layer of the earth • 2 types Atmosphere • The gaseous portion of our Earth • Weather and Air Pollutants Weather • Atmospheric conditions at the present in a specific area Climate • Weather average in an area over a long period of time Trophosphere • The layer of the atmosphere where our weather is located Ozone • Layer that protects form UV radiation Greenhouse Effect • Sunlight radiation is trapped and reradiated into the atmosphere, raising the temperature Energy • Is the amount of work over a distance Heat • The total amount of energy in an object. Temperature • The average kinetic energy of the object Types of Energy Transfer • Radiation • Convection • Conduction Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle) • How water is cycled, transformed, and passed through the Earth. • Major processes – Evaporation – Condensation – Precipitation – Sublimation – Hydrosphere • A portion of the Earth that water –Surface , ground, oceans Condensation • Going form a vapor (gas) to a liquid Salinity • The amount of salt in a solution Ecosystem • Similar communities that are located together and the abiotic factors Biotic Factor • Living Factor in nature Abiotic Factor • Nonliving factors in the environment Organism • An individual Species • A group of similar organisms Population • Population is the number of similar organism in a specific area at a certain time, that can produce fertile offspring. Community • Several population living together in a specific area Biome • Several similar ecosystems together with similar biota. Habitat • An area where you would expect to find certain organisms. • Where an organism lives. Natural Selection • When nature decides what traits are passed on or who is eaten and never does reproduce Artificial Selection • When organisms trait are chosen by humans Evolution • A gradual change in a population over a long period of time Adaptation • Something that give an organism an advantage or not. Resistance • When an organisms passes on it resistance to some specific antibodies/pesticides to offspring Archaebacteria • Old ancient bacteria found in horrific conditions Eubacteria • Bacteria that is more common to humans. • Examples-pathogens, staph, strep, cheese making bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria Fungi • A decomposer, saprophyte • Mushrooms, yeasts, truffles, • Chitin cell wall Protozoans • One cell organism can be of many different groups – Algae – Protozoans – Water molds Gymnosperm • Naked seeds pines, firs, spruce, tamaracks, evergreens Angiosperms • Flower plants • Two divisions Invertebrates • Organism that does not have a spine • Examples sea sponge, starfish, arthopod, anemone Vertebrates • Organism that has a spine or backbones Photosynthesis • Conversion of CO2 + H2O into Glucose, O2 and H2O • Necessary process in plants Producer • Autotrophs • Makes its own food Consumer • Hetertroph • Cannot make its own food Herbivore • Plant eater Carnivore • Meat eater Omnivore • All eater, eats everything Decomposer • Something that breaks down dead organic matter into elements Cellular Respiration • Glucose is broken down by O2 to form CO2 and H2O Food Web • Intricate interaction of organism in an ecosystem • Show relationships between organisms and the environment pH • The reciprocal log of the hydronium ion concentration • A relative way of how acidic or basic a solution is. Food Chain • Linkage of who eats who in an ecosystem • Pathway of Energy transfer through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms Carbon Cycle • A way to show how C atoms are cycled through various compounds organisms in the environment Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria • A bacteria that change N2 into ammonia Nitrogen Cycle • A process in which N is circulates among the air soil, water and organisms • Limiting factor for terrestial plants Phosphorous Cycle • A process in which P is circulated in the soil, organisms, water • PO4 is a limiting factor for aquatic plants • PO4 is banned in detergents Ecological Succession • The gradual change in an area from bare rock to climax vegetation Primary Succession • Succession where you start with bare bedrock and break it down to eventually form soil Secondary Succession • • After the initial rocks conversion to soil, humus Succession where you do not have to start at ground zero Seral Community • Transitional community in the process of Succession Pioneer species • Initial organism on bare rock in the process of succession • First organism on the scene, bacteria, algae, lichen, mosses, etc. Climax Community • A final or stable biotic community Old field Succession • What happens when you stop plowing or using a pasteur. Population Density • How many of a specific population is in a specific area at a specific period of time. Population Dispersion • The way a population is distributed in an area. • Three types – Random, scattered – Uniform – Clumped Growth rate • Birth rate compared to death rate to see what is happening to the population Biotic or Reproductive Potential • Conditions that favor the best situation for population growth. Environmental Resistance • Factors that keep a population under control • Disease, ample food, water, space, war or competition Exponential Growth Carrying Capacity • How many organism the area can support without damaging it beyond repair Niche • How an organism fits into the big picture, it job or place in the environment Competition • 2 population needing or fighting for a common resource. • Common resource – Water – Food – Minerals – Space Predation • Organism that kills and eats another organism. • Hunter Parasitism • Where one organism benefits and another is harmed to a small extent Symbiosis • Two organism living together, or in close proximity Mutualism • Both organism benefit(++) Commensalism • One benefits and the other does not care Recruitment • Organisms reach a reproductive age Over-shoot, Population Explosion • Population grow faster. Surpasses the carrying capacity Die-back, Crash • After a population explosion the population will die Migration Demographics Infrastructure Age Structure Pyramid Survivorship Fertility Rate Life Expectancy Arable Land • Farm land that can be used to grow crops Urbanization • People changing areas into (urban) town areas Biome • A group of ecosystems that are similar. Climate • The average weather over a long period of time Latitude • The number of degrees north or south of the equator. Altitude • High or low, mountains and or valleys Tropical Rain Forest • Rain over 150 cm per year and temperature average above 25 degrees celsius Emergent Layer • In a tropical Rain forest the trees that emerge above the canopy layer Canopy • In the vertical layers of a forest this layer will range from 25-50 feet Epiphyte • A parasitic plant that gets its nourishment from a larger plant Understory • In the horizontal layers of a forest the understory are between 5-25 feet tall. Temperate Deciduous Forest • A biome that has deciduous tree(lose the leaves at some point) • Temperate-temperatures between 15 and 25 degrees celsius Temperate Rain Forest • A biome with a rain supply of over 150 cm per year. But the average yearly temperature is below 25 degrees celsius Taiga • The area with coniferous tree and a yearly temperature of around 5 degrees Celsius • Can also be called the Boreal, Coniferous, Savanna • A wet grassland, a grassland that gets periodic huge amounts of rain. Temperate Grassland • Breadbasket of the world Chaparral Desert Tundra Permafrost Wetland Plankton Nekton Benthos Littoral Zone Benthic Zone Natural Eutrophication Artificial Eutrophication Salt Marsh Mangrove Swamp Barrier Island Coral Reef Surface Water River System Watershed Groundwater Aquifer Porosity Permeability Recharge Area Potable Pathogen Dam Resevoir Desalination Water Pollution Point-Pollution Source Nonpoint Pollution Wastewater Artificial Eutrophication Natural Eutrophication Thermal Pollution Biomagnification • The accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of a food chain Bioamplification • Where a pollutant builds up in an individual organism. Soild Wastes Biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate Source Reduction • Using less of a resource for a common good Recycling Reuse • Using normally waste products over again before they are sent into the wastestream Resale Compost • The decomposition of natural material that is then used as a topsoil in gardens. Mulch • Ground up material that is used a s a ground cover for plants. • + Conserves water, cuts down weeds, aesthetically pleasing, adds nutrients for plants • - insects have a hiding place, has a limited lifespan Hazardous Wastes • An material that may be corrosive, flammable, carcinogenic, tetragenic, combustible. Deep-well Injection • Hazardous materials are liquified and then injected deep into the earths crust Surface impoundment • Place where wastes are temporarily place to allow for evaporation to remove the water. • Artificial Lagoon