Download Environmental Science Review - Parkway C-2

Environmental Science
Review
2011 Fall
Biosphere
Chapter 5 Review
Cradle to Grave
Geosphere
• The rocks, soil, humus that make up the
crust of the Earth
• Lithosphere-the crust portion of the earth
Crust
• The brittle, surface layer of the earth
• 2 types
Atmosphere
• The gaseous portion of our Earth
• Weather and Air Pollutants
Weather
• Atmospheric conditions at the present in a
specific area
Climate
• Weather average in an area over a long
period of time
Trophosphere
• The layer of the atmosphere where our
weather is located
Ozone
• Layer that protects form UV radiation
Greenhouse Effect
• Sunlight radiation is trapped and
reradiated into the atmosphere, raising the
temperature
Energy
• Is the amount of work over a distance
Heat
• The total amount of energy in an object.
Temperature
• The average kinetic energy of the object
Types of Energy Transfer
• Radiation
• Convection
• Conduction
Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle)
• How water is cycled, transformed, and
passed through the Earth.
• Major processes
– Evaporation
– Condensation
– Precipitation
– Sublimation
–
Hydrosphere
• A portion of the Earth that water –Surface ,
ground, oceans
Condensation
• Going form a vapor (gas) to a liquid
Salinity
• The amount of salt in a solution
Ecosystem
• Similar communities that are located
together and the abiotic factors
Biotic Factor
• Living Factor in nature
Abiotic Factor
• Nonliving factors in the environment
Organism
• An individual
Species
• A group of similar organisms
Population
• Population is the number of similar
organism in a specific area at a certain
time, that can produce fertile offspring.
Community
• Several population living together in a
specific area
Biome
• Several similar ecosystems together with
similar biota.
Habitat
• An area where you would expect to find
certain organisms.
• Where an organism lives.
Natural Selection
• When nature decides what traits are
passed on or who is eaten and never does
reproduce
Artificial Selection
• When organisms trait are chosen by
humans
Evolution
• A gradual change in a population over a
long period of time
Adaptation
• Something that give an organism an
advantage or not.
Resistance
• When an organisms passes on it
resistance to some specific
antibodies/pesticides to offspring
Archaebacteria
• Old ancient bacteria found in horrific
conditions
Eubacteria
• Bacteria that is more common to humans.
• Examples-pathogens, staph, strep, cheese
making bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria
Fungi
• A decomposer, saprophyte
• Mushrooms, yeasts, truffles,
• Chitin cell wall
Protozoans
• One cell organism can be of many
different groups
– Algae
– Protozoans
– Water molds
Gymnosperm
• Naked seeds pines, firs, spruce,
tamaracks, evergreens
Angiosperms
• Flower plants
• Two divisions
Invertebrates
• Organism that does not have a spine
• Examples sea sponge, starfish, arthopod,
anemone
Vertebrates
• Organism that has a spine or backbones
Photosynthesis
• Conversion of CO2 + H2O into Glucose,
O2 and H2O
• Necessary process in plants
Producer
• Autotrophs
• Makes its own food
Consumer
• Hetertroph
• Cannot make its own food
Herbivore
• Plant eater
Carnivore
• Meat eater
Omnivore
• All eater, eats everything
Decomposer
• Something that breaks down dead organic
matter into elements
Cellular Respiration
• Glucose is broken down by O2 to form
CO2 and H2O
Food Web
• Intricate interaction of organism in an
ecosystem
• Show relationships between organisms
and the environment
pH
• The reciprocal log of the hydronium ion
concentration
• A relative way of how acidic or basic a
solution is.
Food Chain
• Linkage of who eats who in an ecosystem
• Pathway of Energy transfer through
various stages as a result of the feeding
patterns of a series of organisms
Carbon Cycle
• A way to show how C atoms are cycled
through various compounds organisms in
the environment
Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria
• A bacteria that change N2 into ammonia
Nitrogen Cycle
• A process in which N is circulates among
the air soil, water and organisms
• Limiting factor for terrestial plants
Phosphorous Cycle
• A process in which P is circulated in the
soil, organisms, water
• PO4 is a limiting factor for aquatic plants
• PO4 is banned in detergents
Ecological Succession
• The gradual change in an area from bare
rock to climax vegetation
Primary Succession
• Succession where you start with bare
bedrock and break it down to eventually
form soil
Secondary Succession
•
•
After the initial rocks conversion to soil,
humus
Succession where you do not have to
start at ground zero
Seral Community
• Transitional community in the process of
Succession
Pioneer species
• Initial organism on bare rock in the
process of succession
• First organism on the scene, bacteria,
algae, lichen, mosses, etc.
Climax Community
• A final or stable biotic community
Old field Succession
• What happens when you stop plowing or
using a pasteur.
Population Density
• How many of a specific population is in a
specific area at a specific period of time.
Population Dispersion
• The way a population is distributed in an
area.
• Three types
– Random, scattered
– Uniform
– Clumped
Growth rate
• Birth rate compared to death rate to see
what is happening to the population
Biotic or Reproductive Potential
• Conditions that favor the best situation for
population growth.
Environmental Resistance
• Factors that keep a population under
control
• Disease, ample food, water, space, war or
competition
Exponential Growth
Carrying Capacity
• How many organism the area can support
without damaging it beyond repair
Niche
• How an organism fits into the big picture, it
job or place in the environment
Competition
• 2 population needing or fighting for a
common resource.
• Common resource
– Water
– Food
– Minerals
– Space
Predation
• Organism that kills and eats another
organism.
• Hunter
Parasitism
• Where one organism benefits and another
is harmed to a small extent
Symbiosis
• Two organism living together, or in close
proximity
Mutualism
• Both organism benefit(++)
Commensalism
• One benefits and the other does not care
Recruitment
• Organisms reach a reproductive age
Over-shoot, Population Explosion
• Population grow faster. Surpasses the
carrying capacity
Die-back, Crash
• After a population explosion the population
will die
Migration
Demographics
Infrastructure
Age Structure Pyramid
Survivorship
Fertility Rate
Life Expectancy
Arable Land
• Farm land that can be used to grow crops
Urbanization
• People changing areas into (urban) town
areas
Biome
• A group of ecosystems that are similar.
Climate
• The average weather over a long period of
time
Latitude
• The number of degrees north or south of
the equator.
Altitude
• High or low, mountains and or valleys
Tropical Rain Forest
• Rain over 150 cm per year and
temperature average above 25 degrees
celsius
Emergent Layer
• In a tropical Rain forest the trees that
emerge above the canopy layer
Canopy
• In the vertical layers of a forest this layer
will range from 25-50 feet
Epiphyte
• A parasitic plant that gets its nourishment
from a larger plant
Understory
• In the horizontal layers of a forest the
understory are between 5-25 feet tall.
Temperate Deciduous Forest
• A biome that has deciduous tree(lose the
leaves at some point)
• Temperate-temperatures between 15 and
25 degrees celsius
Temperate Rain Forest
• A biome with a rain supply of over 150 cm
per year. But the average yearly
temperature is below 25 degrees celsius
Taiga
• The area with coniferous tree and a yearly
temperature of around 5 degrees Celsius
• Can also be called the Boreal, Coniferous,
Savanna
• A wet grassland, a grassland that gets
periodic huge amounts of rain.
Temperate Grassland
• Breadbasket of the world
Chaparral
Desert
Tundra
Permafrost
Wetland
Plankton
Nekton
Benthos
Littoral Zone
Benthic Zone
Natural Eutrophication
Artificial Eutrophication
Salt Marsh
Mangrove Swamp
Barrier Island
Coral Reef
Surface Water
River System
Watershed
Groundwater
Aquifer
Porosity
Permeability
Recharge Area
Potable
Pathogen
Dam
Resevoir
Desalination
Water Pollution
Point-Pollution Source
Nonpoint Pollution
Wastewater
Artificial Eutrophication
Natural Eutrophication
Thermal Pollution
Biomagnification
• The accumulation of pollutants at
successive levels of a food chain
Bioamplification
• Where a pollutant builds up in an
individual organism.
Soild Wastes
Biodegradable
Municipal Solid Waste
Landfill
Leachate
Source Reduction
• Using less of a resource for a common
good
Recycling
Reuse
• Using normally waste products over again
before they are sent into the wastestream
Resale
Compost
• The decomposition of natural material that
is then used as a topsoil in gardens.
Mulch
• Ground up material that is used a s a
ground cover for plants.
• + Conserves water, cuts down weeds,
aesthetically pleasing, adds nutrients for
plants
• - insects have a hiding place, has a limited
lifespan
Hazardous Wastes
• An material that may be corrosive,
flammable, carcinogenic, tetragenic,
combustible.
Deep-well Injection
• Hazardous materials are liquified and then
injected deep into the earths crust
Surface impoundment
• Place where wastes are temporarily place
to allow for evaporation to remove the
water.
• Artificial Lagoon